Distribution Channel

Tourism distribution channel is a system of intermediaries or middleman that facilitates the sale and delivery of tourism services from suppliers to consumers (Buhalis and Law, 2001). Distribution channels can serve as part of the marketing mix that can makes the products available to consumers as the link between suppliers of tourism products and their end consumers, as well as the bridge between supply and demand (Kracht and Wang, 2010). This shows that, important to have a good distribution channel strategies to ensure information of the destination will be distribute aggressively.Pulau Meranti Lake is one of the potentially lake to be developed and promote as one of the tourism attraction. This lake situated at Puchong, nearby Sepang, Putrajaya and Cyberjaya. Pulau Meranti Lake has an abundance of rural land and plentiful of water resources. This two combination will create the potential for significance economic development and help it to become one of the best lakes for water b ased activity tourism. Changing on consumers preferences have expanded the range of channels that tourism suppliers might use to distribute their products and multi – channels distribution is now are common.Each channel or path to the market may appeal to different segments, suit some products more than others suit, and have a simple or complex structure. Somewhat more slowly, distribution is also being acknowledged as a key part of revenue management. Returns can vary significantly from one channel to the next with each channel having its own set costs and benefits (Pearce, 2009). Having a good strategy will help new potential destination like Pulau Meranti Lake to be expose, having marketing strategy will help suppliers knows opportunities or threats that might occur also the strength and weaknesses of Pulau Meranti Lake.There are several steps involved to developed distribution channel for Meranti Lake. Identify Customers Needs and Selection Preference; Needs and wants of customers are varying for one market to other market. Suppliers need to do an observation on how to provide best information to the customers. In making their decision to visit one particular destination, customer needs information about the destinations, product available, services (example; transportation, accommodation), activities that offer and available at the destination.By provide this information clearly, it will help customer that interested to come to have some ideas about the Pulau Meranti Lake. Identify the Functions to be Performed to Meet the Distribution Needs of the Customers; there are some key functions to be identified such as information provision. We need to provide adequate information to the customers not only in the right place but also in the right time. Other than that, we need to consider on either to combine various elements such as accommodation, transportation or activities together.The most important steps are to decide marketing mix on Pulau Meranti Lake. Most of tourism supplier might require several marketing channel in order to cater a different types of customers and to wider the information to the customer. There are some questions needs to be answer by suppliers like on what are the best marketing mix that can be use and which are the best partner to be collaboration to make sure this potential destination are success. In case of Pulau Meranti Lake, we will use four P’s as our distribution channels strategy. i. ProductPulau Meranti Lake offers a water based activity tourism to the tourists. The combinations of sports, entertainment and relaxing place. There are many activities that tourists can do at Pulau Meranti Lake such as boating, water skiing, kayaking, jet skiing, and great fishing. Other than that, Pulau Meranti Lake also offer land activities such as cycling. Beside many activities offering, Pulau Meranti also provides lodging such as floating chalets to the tourist who like to stay and for those like to c amping, Pulau Meranti Lake provide an empty places for them.Other than that, there is one restaurant that implements open kitchen style to cater female tourists. Our restaurant concept will collaboration with Pak Engku, founder of Kuzie Catering, which is Pak Engku will managed the restaurant. Our restaurant also will give chance to women tourist by provide them an activities such as cooking class with our chefs on every weekend. ii. Price Some of our target markets are youth, working family, local communities, retired couples and lake enthusiast.We will offer affordable price to ensure we can attract more visitors to come and enjoy activities that provided at the lake. There are special price for schoolchildren, university students and senior citizen. We offer different price for student because we would like to make sure that they will come and enjoy our activities and at the same time will help government to decrease social problems and make sure that this young generation have s ome place for them to do their activities and not wasting their time. iii. PlacePulau Meranti Lake is strategic. This lake located between Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur. It connected efficiently and effectively. Approximately, it takes about 15 minutes from Putrajaya and 30 minutes from Subang Jaya. Somehow, we will do collaboration with developers around Pulau Meranti Lake such as LBS Bina Group Berhad to construct alternatives entrance to make it easier for tourist to come. Besides that, there are important to have easy access from highway and make tourist alert about the signage to the lake from the highways.In this situation, we will collaboration with Lingkaran Trans Kota Sdn Bhd or better known as LITRAK, concessionaire of Lebuhraya Damansarsa Puchong (LDP). The LDP is the instant and vital link to many tourist attraction and places of interest. Easy access will encourage more tourists to come and enjoy the activity provided by us. Other than that, we also will collaborate with R angkaian Pengangkutan Integrasi Deras Sdn Bhd (RapidKL) to list Pulau Meranti Lake in one of their routes every day. With this collaboration, Pulau Meranti Lake can be easily access via road transportation such as bus and car. v. Promotion This is one of the important part which is it has required the best combination to maximize the information distribution to the potential visitors. We will design an informative brochure that includes all the information such as activities, lodging and transportation, picture and map for visitors. We will also organize this brochure to be put at RapidKL counter and distribute it to highway users (such as LDP) by having a partnership with them. This partnership will give us an advantage to highlight Pulau Meranti Lake in RapidKL brochure.Other than that, printed media such as magazine also will be use. We choose Karangkraf as our partner. Karangkraf offer various type of magazine that caters for different segment. â€Å"LIBUR† is one of the magazines that we want to collaborate, which is this magazine are the first travel magazine in Bahasa Malaysia that provide international and local travel destinations. This magazine provides and informative information on the local and international travel scene for local readers, where to stay, dine and shop.One of activities that our offers are fishing, in order to attract fishing lovers we choose to advertise our lake in â€Å"UMPAN†, one of the magazine for fishing enthusiast. Information technology becomes one of the effective tools nowadays. This promotion tools has their own target market especially young generation. In order to attract this type of market segment, we will create a website for Pulau Meranti Lake. This website will have information of lake administration such as phone numbers, address, map and all information needed.We also will make sure our website is user friendly in order to make the information available directly on the website instead of going th rough several different links. Others marketing strategies that we plan to do is partnership with local, state and federal programs or agencies. We will try to organize Fishing Tournament every year. This programmed need us to do collaboration with local council, Majlis Perbandaran Sepang to promote our program. Besides that, this programmed also need us to strengthen our partnership with fishing department for stocking fishing to the lake.Regular monitoring and evaluation needed to ensure that marketing mix that has been chosen meet customers’ needs and wants. From business perspective, distribution channel not only to promote the product but also to generate income for the company. The project to transform Pulau Meranti Lake to Recreational Lake Tourism will be beneficial to not only the local council and local people, but it also can help us to prevent our environment and at the same time, economic and social development also will be beneficial.Reference Buhalis, D. and La ws, E. (2001), Tourism Distribution Channels: Practices, Issues and Transformation, Continuum, London Pearce, D. G. (2009). Channel Design for Effective Tourism Distribution Strategies. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing,  26, 507 – 521. doi:10. 1080/10548400903163046 Kracht, J. and Wang, Y. (2010). Examining the Tourism Distribution Channel: Evolution and Transformation. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,  22(5), 736 – 757. doi:10. 1108/09596111011053837 Distribution Channel Choice of distribution channels The choice of distribution channels is an important part of the companies’ development and has a significant effect on the production and sales. The production of ipad is very professional ,scientific and specific. Because of its mention ,high-tech products have specify when it comes to the channels of distribution. Usually,we can use the centralized distribution channels. Model of distribution 1) , , ,COMPAQ? DELL , 90 , : , 3? 4 , â€Å" † , IBM? HP? 2) Among all of the methods mentioned above ,the most frequent method s Apple use to distribute Ipod are the personal selling and agency. Apple adopt the personal selling because manufacturing companies can trade with customers directly,supplying all-around service such as product transport ,organization and research,preservation and technical support.In that way ,it can ensure the efficiency of the operation of channel. Direct selling means that there is only one point between the produce r and the final users,so the target users are usually large or medium companies. Although this method is widely used abroad,it develops slowly in China . Compared with personal selling ,Apple mainly sells Ipod through the distribution channel of Agency. And this approach plays a main role in the sales of electrical products in China.Its main advantage is that it can cover a large number of users,which is in favor of the promotion of Ipod as well as increase the popularity and regulation of the products of Apple. However,the most serious issue of the method is that because of the personal interests pursing of the agents,it is hard to â€Å" ( )~ † , , â€Å" ~ ( )~1 2 3 † , 3 , , , , , [1] , , , , , , Personal selling:Apple Corp set up a large number of offices and branches for come fixed big customers,such as Ogilvy ,Mccann,Leo Bernar. Under management and allocation in the marketing center, for the customer service, and develop new customers in the related area.Age ncy:Compared to sales, agents for apple is the role of its products to more general consumers In addition to professional customers in the area, With the return of Jobs and the apple Ipod series products, Apple open a new market in the majority of ordinary users . so,relations of mutual benefit and reciprocity between apple and agents, which makes the business of agents and the distributors is prosperous. Distributor:Different from the agents,as a distributor,Apple give them exclusive distribution rights , good profits,training of products as well as support for promotion,which gives them more advantages in sales.In some parts ,Apple will authorize a number of third party companies produce similar products and allow them to be sold on the market without labels. While in the mainland of china ,people will see some products claiming to be Apple ‘s OEM product labeling. Distributors claim that these products are Apple Proxy Companies production,but authority of Apple has not admi t that and have the rumor ,its attitude is ruminate. Shops:We can say it is Apple that bring the boom,the model of running shops almost violate the fundamental principle of sales.The servants of the shops will only commute with the customers about the clever use of the products ,but they rarely persuade them to buy immediately. Actually,from the establishment of 251 shores within 7 years and the 20 percentage of Apples’ sales income,we can conclude that the model is very successful. Online shop:this shop is not the distribution online sales like Taobao,but the sales model on Apple’s official website established by itself. Tn fact ,if you are a user of Ipod ,most changes will be conducted on its website. so, as a user of Apple ,you can hardly be attracted by its products

Academic Argument Essay

Academic Argument Essay The Need for Rehabilitation Momm, like many brothel girls, had become addicted to methamphetamines. Often the brothel owners give girls meth to keep them compliant and dependent. In her village, the craving had overwhelmed her, and she was consumed by the need to go back to the brothel and get some meth. Women everyday, all over the world are being held against their will. Many of these women are bought, sold, and used for sex or labor. In the book Half the Sky by Nicholas D.Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn they focus on the prevention of sex trafficking by giving shocking statistics and first hand accounts of gruesome situations women have been through (Kristof). Sex trafficking is often seen as a non-issue because women often give consent to the sex after being involved for a long period of time. Because brothel owners are harsh and unsympathetic, women are left powerless and defenseless. Even after being rescued from brothels, women need rehabilitation in order to live a productive, successful life because they are brainwashed and drugged, have nowhere to go, and acquire no skills to maintain a normal job.On the United Nations website, it states that people participate in trafficking women â€Å"for the purpose of exploitation† (United). By exploiting women in the case of sex slavery the women are raped and brainwashed. Women often times refuse to have sex with clients at first, but after continuously being threatened, beaten, and drugged, the women have no other option but to give in to having sex. After years of this kind of mistreatment, women eventually get used to the horrible circumstance that they are in and often don’t even see it as much of a problem. At this point, the brothel owners have succeeded in brainwashing the women.Women being trafficked are rarely fortunate enough to be saved. However for the lucky ones, once rescued the women view the rescuer as a bad person for taking them away from the life that gave them food and drugs. Anywhere between 700,000 and four million women and children are trafficked around the world (Sexual). Without rehabilitation, women would just go straight back to the brothels because they no longer see a problem with what they are doing. People in support of sex trafficking view women as participating voluntarily despite the fact that they are held against their will. By keeping women in ehabilitation after being rescued, they have a much better chance of breaking their drug addiction, reversing the brainwash, and becoming educated citizens. Not only do trafficking victims have to recover from the brainwashing and drug addiction, they also have to find a place to live. Women are often held for years at a time in brothels. After being free of a life of prostitution, they have nothing and nobody to go to for help. This is where rehabilitation comes into play. It lets women get accustomed to everyday life out of the brothels and it can help them find a place to go an d people to help them.In one case, volunteers helped Neth and Momm to find their families that they had not seen in over five years (Kristof). Without these volunteers and this type of rehabilitation, these two women would have had a very slim chance of making it out of the red light district. Brothel owners may think that they are doing these women a service by providing a place to live for them, but ultimately the women could do that for themselves if they had the ability to make and income. In addition to finding women a place to go after the rape, it is vital that these victims are given the chance to be educated.With education comes opportunity. Debatably the hardest part of fighting drug trafficking is to recover the women and give them a life after the struggles of being prostituted. With education comes skills for jobs, knowledge of what happened to them, and the ability to help out with others going through the same situation. Education in third world countries is often a c hallenge for families because they don’t have the money or resources to send their children to school. However, if a woman is educated, it decreases her chance of living in poverty and being trafficked (Kristof 167-170).Although some may think the cost of education outweighs its benefits, it gives opportunities to advance in society. As volunteers assist women in escaping the brutalities of sex slavery, it is important to recall that the solution is not simply taking them from the source of the problem. Rehabilitation is also vital for the women’s success because it treats them for being brainwashed and addicted to drugs, gives them a place to live, and provides much needed education. Traffickers themselves may think that rehabilitation is not necessary, but that is for their own financial gain.So let’s give our support in every way possible to help stop the cold realty of sex trafficking and the negative side affects if brings to the women involved. The solutio n to ending trafficking lies within us all. Works Cited Kristof, Nicholas D. , and Sheryl WuDunn. Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009. Print. â€Å"Sexual Trafficking Facts. † The Facts. Initiative Against Sexual Trafficking. Web. 01 June 2012. â€Å"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. † What Is Human Trafficking? United Nations. Web. 31 May 2012.

Fourth Quarter English Interpretive Paper Essay

A Man for All Seasons, by Robert Bolt illustrates the adult life of Sir Thomas More. In this play, the Common Man portrays man and his vices and sins showing the ordinary man of every age, class, culture, and society. Bolt uses the Common Man in the roles of the steward, boatman, and jailor to show how man can easily sin. Common Man exhibits man’s immorality through the roles of the steward, boatman, and jailor, in A Man for All Seasons. Christian virtues are lacking in the Common Man’s role of the steward. The Common Man’s character, the steward, disrespects Rich by the snubbing manner of which he speaks to Rich. Likewise, when he spies on Thomas More he is being disloyal and dishonest. (pp. 40-42) Furthermore, the steward exhibits greediness by spying on More for Richard Rich, Thomas Cromwell, and Signor Chapuy in exchange for money. (pp.40-42) In addition, pride is conveyed towards Rich by the steward when he behaves as if he superior over Rich. (pp.104-105) Vices are seen in the steward’s behavior. The Common Man in the role of the boatman demonstrates a lack of morality. The boatman displays dishonesty when he tries to overcharge Thomas for his boat ride home. (p. 25) Likewise, he is being greedy as he wants more money than he should receive for giving Thomas a ride home. (p. 25) Moreover, his disobeyed the law by ignoring the fixed boat fares. (p. 25) The boatman’s actions are sinful. Lack of morals can be observed in the Common Man in the role of the Jailer. The vice of greed is seen by the Jailor when he is willing to accept fifty guineas from Cromwell in exchange for information about Thomas More. (p. 135) Likewise, the jailor is dishonest when he is willing to take anything that Thomas says and tell it to Cromwell to use as evidence against Thomas More in court. (pp. 135-136) Lack of charity is exhibited by the jailor when he does not allow Thomas’s family to visit Thomas at the jail. (pp. 145-146) The Common Man, as the jailor, displays vices. The role of the steward, boatman, and jailor played by the Common Man reveal the lack of mans morals in A Man for All Seasons. Disrespect, dishonesty, greed, pride, lack of charity, and disobedience are witnessed in the words and actions of the three characters. The vices represent the basic character of the Common Man who is every person in every age, class, race, and society. Bolt’s play, A Man for All Seasons instructs one to avoid sin and protect his morals and Christian faith. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Robert Bolt, The Man for All Seasons(New York, NY; Vintage International, 1990),pp. 4-5. All subsequent references will be noted in the text.

Secondary market research or customer analysis on Octopus Card (a Essay

Secondary market research or customer analysis on Octopus Card (a product from Hong Kong) - Essay Example e-payment gained momentum. Now a growing number of transactions are occurring via electronic payment systems that serve as alternative to cash. This growth in e-payment has been fueled largely by smart card technology. Smart Card technology evolved in the mid 80’s but initially it was not much in use. During the last decade of 20th century, there was rapid increase in its use for diverse activities. Nowadays people are recognizing the potential of smart card technology for e- payments and are becoming more dependent on smart cards for their transactions. â€Å"Nowadays, most popular payment methods are based on cards i.e. magnetic cards, smart cards, contactless cards† (Ondrus and Pigneur, 2). E-Payments experienced a compound annual growth rate of 12.3 % globally during 1999 to 2004 (Global Electronic Payments Market Study and Forecast, 7). Today consumers, banks, merchants and retailers prefer electronic transactions. In U.S. alone, e-payments accounted for more than two-thirds of non cash transactions in 2006. In U.S. the electronic payment methods including debit and credit cards are displacing paper checks and cash payments at an accelerating pace (Wall Street Journal). Electronic money transactions are carried out mainly by three methods: credit, debit and stored value prepaid cards. Credit Card: Credit cards are based on buy-now-pay-later strategy. Examples of credit-based payment are Visa, Master and American Express smartcards. Credit cards are most popular payment method in the U.S. Debit Cards: Debit cards have a similar cost structure as that of the credit cards. But unlike credit cards, the amount from the account of the consumer is debited immediately. Consumer needs to enter a PIN in debit card transactions that proves time consuming for micro payments. Contactless Stored Value Cards: Third type of e-payment method is stored value smart cards. The stored value smart cards may be single purposed cash cards, multi-purposed payment

The Church And State In British Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Church And State In British Society - Essay Example He expressed his concern, however, that secularists and atheists would capitalize on attempts to separate church and state by saying religion was in an increasingly precarious position in British life (Church and state could separate in the UK, says Archbishop of Canterbury 2008). Religion and belief in God are facing a tough time at present in many countries. Atheists are growing in numbers and they argue for the separation of religion and politics. Secularists and atheists can attack the religion in the absence of political protection according to the archbishop. Soper & Fetzer (n. d) have mentioned that religion, which was at the center of political conflict in Europe a century ago, became less important politically in the middle decades of the twentieth century (Soper & Fetzer n. d, p.3). it is a fact that the influence of religion on politics becoming feeble at present. The massacres committed by some communal groups on behalf of religion have opened the eyes of British communit y to think in terms of the dangers associated with the blending of religion and politics. 9/11 and the recent Mumbai terrorist attacks clearly indicate how dangerous if religion interferes with the politics. In short, the British politics is historically associated with religion and the influence of religion on politics is coming down for the time being. Even the religious leaders found no harm in separating religion and politics even though they have certain concerns about the how the secularists and atheists utilize it.

Indigenous People and Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Indigenous People and Cultures - Essay Example The internationalization of the English language is the most powerful tool for ruling the world that has taken universal and homogenous mandates. A section of critiques and writers of postcolonial literature like Fairclough, Jenkins, McLaren, and Lankshear, among others, argue that the English language curriculum, especially in Aboriginal schools, needs critical studies and reforms as the current imposition and usage reflect the colonial relations (Clarence and Renshaw, 2009). With reference to the Aboriginal communities and the English language, there have been numerous schools of thoughts and ideologies that require an in-depth study and reform of the current English curriculum. From a personal perspective, the education system is becoming more based on policy prescription and arbitrary then being real. With emphasis to English teachers, the latter have had to widen their views and perceptions regarding the English study. Similar to other educational institutions, teachers are cont inuously changing roles from dispensing of knowledge to facilitating learning and aiding acquisition of knowledge by students. The wider teaching practices in New South Wales Higher School Certificate seem to be limited to examination prosperity (Alberta Education). Much less is done to extend the gained knowledge from prescribed texts into exploring the ways in which texts depicts interpretation and reading positions in the world around them. In addition, these texts further marginalize and subjugate indigenous and aboriginal literature and language (Garcia and Kleifgen, 2010). The basis of the critique will be the New South Wales (NSW) Department of Education and Training reform initiative, with the Quality Teaching pedagogy that incorporates the three dimensions of Significance, Intellectual learning, and quality learning environment. An analysis and critique of the current (postcolonial) English curriculum requires a presentation and review of the works of some English curriculu m specialists in indigenous Australia in order to justify the critique approach and highlight the fact that the English curriculum needs to be reformed. The focus of the critique are the numerous suggestion presented in Australia and other countries that host aboriginal communities by these writers and other researchers. Among the notable writers and researchers, include Lankshear and his argument that the goal of literacy is to pursue and achieve a universal literate population that employs literacy in the persuasion of their economic, social, and cultural purposes (Hooley, 2009). According to Green, another researcher, the review of the available rhetoric meanings is fundamental in an English class. The argument behind his observation is that the English language has a cultural construction, thus its form has different meanings to the users. The arguments of Green follow the knowledge that people acquire linguistic skills through the first language and its dialect, and that these dialects are transferrable to the second language easily (Clarence and Renshaw, 2009). To understand the above concept, there is need to understand the Aboriginal English. According to Aboriginal English researchers, the language is linguistically complex, has a cultural embedding, follows rule governance, and is widely acknowledged by most teachers, regardless of the fact they do not know the exact form of the English langu

Biomedicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Biomedicine - Essay Example First, it is necessary to examine the sociocultural values which have lead to our own de-habilitating illnesses. We live in a fast, paced society in which there is little room to stop for a breather. This has been influenced by the internet and the ability to access information at the speed of light. Many jobs are now conducted straight out of the office and usually involve sitting behind a desk at the computer. Due to declining economic conditions around the world, many jobs are requiring longer hours to work as well as increasing layoffs causing stress in the local population. These increasing hours along with the stress associated with the fear of layoff and daily stresses such as traffic, family dynamics and other interpersonal problems has lead to an enhanced sedentary lifestyles as well as poor dieting and use of alcohol/tobacco which has lead to inherent chronic disorders and diseases. Poor dieting has lead to an increase in obesity across most of the western countries. This c an be due to multiple things. First, it is important to recognize that the onset of fast food restaurants has made it easier for the population to have access to high calorie and high fattening foods at a low cost. This is based on the 80/20 principle in human reasoning in that the decision to eat fast food over is influenced by the ease of access and quickness over the fact that it is not nutritionally sound (Gardner, 2006). Another important aspect is that G20 populations have an increased sedentary lifestyle. Due to the stress and fatigue associated with working a job, it is a de-motivational aspect which leads to a lack of physical fitness. It is also seen at the early childhood level as there has been a detrimental increase in childhood obesity. There has been a greater emphasis on academics and children spending more time in the classroom learning which has cut time which has usually been allotted for physical activity (Buckmaster, & Brownell, 1988). This is all a result of ou r progressive lifestyle which has led to obesity. In order to meet the classification for obesity, a person must meet a BMI, body mass index, of 27 which correlates to 120% of the desirable weight in comparison to height. As a result, this excess weight has added physiological and psychological illnesses. Metabolic associated diseases associated with obesity can be insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, and hyper tension (Dwyer, 1994). In insulin resistance, insulin becomes less effective at lowering blood sugars. Certain cells in muscles and fat become affected due to the disruption of glucose and insulin. The decrease in the amount of insulin being secreted by the pancreas associated with insulin resistance can lead to type II diabetes. Hyperglycemia occurs when there is too much sugar in the blood (Myers, 2004). This can be caused by a lack of exercise, consuming too many daily calories, etc. There are many debilitating factors associated with hyperglycemia such as kid ney, neurological, and cardiovascular conditions. Hyperuricemia is a condition which is associated with an abnormal increase in uric acid. Lastly,

Economic Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Economic Critique - Essay Example In principle, they would push the excess or extra tax to the customers and buyers of their products and services. Conventionally, the increase in princes due to increased taxation implies that the level of goods demanded would reduce since the people would not be in any position to buy. The law of equilibrium demands that for the markets or economy to clear, then demand ought to be equal to supply of goods or services. If the demand would reduce then the supply would also reduce in equal proportion. In the recent past, the Obama administration and the government at large has been pushing for a change in the fiscal policy relating to reduction in general taxes levied to the people especially those of the poor classes. This move or fiscal move is expansionary in nature. This is the situation where the government seeks to reduce the level of taxes that is levied to people especially the poor people in move aimed at cushioning them against the hard economic times of the current day and age. John Keynes as a pioneer economist and thinker advocated for the expansionary policy where the government reduces the taxes levied on the citizens to cushion them during inflation or times of economic anomie. In the field of economics, this expansionary move is taken and aimed at reducing the budget surplus and get the economy back to recovery path. On the contrary, the classical view is slightly different relative to the above position and stance. The classical economists are of the opinion that the expansionary moves and policies are completely unnecessary and would create an unnecessary disturbance on the economy. This is so because the classical economists believe that there are necessary and appropriate mechanisms in the market or economy which would correct and clear the market and economy on their own. This is to say that the market has

Financial Analysis - Southwest Airlines case Essay - 1

Financial Analysis - Southwest Airlines case - Essay Example This attitude is also visible in the recruitment activities of the airlines. While hiring new people the airlines gives preference to candidates with a combative and hardworking spirit. Besides this in the hiring process the airline officials look for traits like dedication, sense of humor and extroverted people with an empathetic attitude in dealing with the peoples’ emotions. The airline gives special emphasis to learning and expects its employees to learn even from the day to day job experiences. Leadership courses designed for the airline managers emphasize on encouraging, empowering and coaching and are not limited to supervision or rule enforcement. Through regular courses the cultural themes like trust, teamwork, diversity and harmony are ingrained in the employees and supervisors. The supervisory positions in the airline are mainly filled internally as it is the belief of the management that the people who had been in the system are better equipped in handling and understanding the beliefs of the co-workers and find acceptance among the peer. This concept of internal job promotion motivates the employees to put in their best performance. The compensation offered by the airline is higher than the industry standards and it also consists of a plan for profit-sharing for the senior employees. The company has a non-adversarial and harmonious relationship with the employee unions. Airline’s contract with the employee union does not consist of any restrictive rules permitting even the pilots, gate-keepers and ticket agents to perform loading and unloading work. South-west airline has a â€Å"no-layoff policy†. This is because the company is of the belief that laying-off people is only a short term measure of increasing business profits. Instead the com pany seeks to build a sense of trust with the employees as this makes the employees more loyal towards the company. For this reason the company has been successful in building a good-will with

Competitor's Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Competitor's Analysis - Essay Example Moreover, companies such as Dental Strategy, Dental Marketing Canada, and Chrisad have experienced personnel who extend expertise and knowledge in the delivery of services. The companies such as ADEI5 and Chrisad employ advanced technology through strong online services and website design packages that leads to effective consumer analysis in marketing that has led to increased brand awareness. Most of dentistry and marketing companies located in this industry such as Art of Management Inc.6, Dental Strategy,7 and Dental Marketing Canada8 do not extensively exploit advanced technology to market their services. They lack adequate information on their websites, poor customer service, and lack of original products that limits market options. Companies such as Chrisad9, Art of Management Inc. have their headquarters outside London with many sub-branches while Dental Marketing Canada operates online services. Customer needs become difficult to meet because they lack the time and flexibility to cater to customers in London. The companies like Art of Management, Chrisad, and ADEI10 also overspend in the provision of extra services such as educational programs and comprehensive practice assessments that are not the immediate demand of the target market. The market is in need of dentistry marketing and services. This company is locally based in London, and has a fixed location that will ease consultations with clients. Chrisad Company is located outside London and only takes one client per city; they are not heavily concentrated in the Canadian market that gives us time to develop. This company will not be overwhelmed with customers like our competitors who are already established. This will provide adequate time to attend to customers, and market our company. Eventually, demand for our services will be bolstered. Since the clientele is technologically perceptive, our growing professional online

American Expansionism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Expansionism - Essay Example In the period from 1890 to 1920, the US economy functioned in an optimal manner achieving impressive results. In 1900, the US had 38 percent of world’s wealth, which is 13 percent more than Britain. This economic might enabled leaders to pursue expansionism and importantly financed it as well. â€Å"Economic power set the foundations of American power, facilitating leaders to pursue ‘grand’ policies† (Efthymiou). The other related cause is that the US wanted to further develop its economy, which they wanted to achieve by capturing and tapping resources-rich territories. That is, after capturing and entering newer territories, the US looked for key resources or materials, which can be sold separately or can be used to manufacture finished goods. Those finished good were sold or exported to various countries thereby developing its economy. â€Å"†¦expansionism was driven by the idea that the American economy needs to grow continuously† (Johnston 1 89). The third cause which initiated expansionism was the strengthening of its naval wing. The US’s Navy Admiral of that period, Alfred Thayer Mahan only emphasized â€Å"the need for a powerful navy and the creation of â€Å"coaling stations† in strategic regions with significance in world trade† (Efthymiou). When this started actualizing, the US became confident in its expansion plans. The US expanded its role and influence through three ways namely imperialism or armed conflicts, international diplomacy, and through the construction of the Panama Canal. In 1898, the US declared a war on Spanish territories in the Caribbean and totally dismantled the waning Spanish Empire. So by evicting Spain, the US fortified its advantageous grip on the Caribbean, built a naval base in Cuba, and even annexed Puerto Rico (Efthymiou). It further extended its influence into the Pacific by capturing Philippines and Guam. The US also expanded its influence by actively

Valu of Time Essay Example for Free

Valu of Time Essay â€Å"Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. That’s why its called the present† . Gifts of God to Human being. Yesterday is a canceled check; tomorrow is a promissory note; today is the only cash you have so spend it wisely†. Time is like an ice cream -use it before it melts. Time is very important in our life; it helps us to plan our daily lives and activities, so that we can live more organized, productive lives. We all are just dependent on time. With out time we are nothing. Time applies in our every walk of life. From womb to tomb life is a journey in the lap of time. Time never wait for any one. We have to move with the time. Everybody has 24 hours in whole day. Its our duty to manage the whole time. If we are not managing our time table or working in a proper schedule, we will face the problem in the end. So time management is very important. Luck always knocks the door of that person who realizes the value of time. Try to be punctual in every thing. Ordinary people think merely of spending time. Great people think of using it. God has created this world for a reason and if we closely observe the nature, we would find plenty of things that come on time. The sun, moon, stars and planets continue their motion in specific orbits and in fixed times. Sun rises from east at fixed time on every day and then sets in the west. Similarly a child is born in this world and dies at its time. If we follow the principles of God we will be successful. The time is the most important factor of all. If we abide by it, we can never be penalized. Take an example of our daily life. Our whole day activity if performed at time will be fruitful and results will be magnificent. Our name will be called in the School Annual Function Day. We must attend our school, in time to make the most out of it. If we take our breakfast, lunch and dinner in time, we shall have good health. If you reach your goal in time, you will be rewarded. If you sleep and get up in time, it will enhance your ability to work effectively. Your punctuality is the key of your success. The person who follows the principles of nature does always feel satisfied, content and above all victorious. Time is a key of success. If you do not give the importance of time than time will not importance to you. Time is something we do not realise when it is with us but when we realise it is very late as it has fled away. Time is too slow for those who wait, too swift for those who fear, too long for those who grieve, too short for those who rejoice, but for those who love, time is eternity. † Time waits for none and time once lost cannot be re-created so it is important for everyone to make the best use of the present time. What we do today, determines where we will stand tomorrow and the person who makes the best use of time today gets the best of life in the future. Time has created kings as well as beggars. Riches turn into rags and rags to riches over a matter of time. Every wok that we do requires time and time cannot be negotiated or replaced. The best use of time will most likely give you the best in life. Realizing the value of time is perhaps one of the primary things which all successful people in the world stress on. They know how important contribution the right use of time has attributed to their success in life. You know what is the difference between Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, Bill Gates, Kalpana Chawla, Sunita William, Indira Gandhi, Mother Teresa with any common people; why they made a great achievement in their life while some of others make average. The answer is time; those great people know the importance of time management for their life achievement. Time is the school in which we learn, time is the fire in which we burn. Time is important because Time is limited. The time can not be stopped. The time is irreversible. The time is abstract. You should know the importance of time management since time is the resource that you cannot see, you can not hear, you cannot touch, you can not store it in a place nor you can secure it as you wish. But its existence is real, have no time means you do not have life. The time is precious. The time is a gift from god to every one free. That is why; many people did not realize its preciousness for their life until they missed many precious things in their life due to lack of time. Time = life; therefore, waste your time and waste of your life, or master your time and master your life. Lost wealth may be replaced by industry, lost knowledge by study, lost health by medicine, but lost time is gone forever. When a work is delayed, definitely somewhere time is wasted. Time once lost is lost forever. Many cases of poverty which are due to lost opportunities and deferred tasks. Sometimes we have to pay a heavy price for the time we wasted. For example delay in the treatment of a disease may lead to something very serious. The student who keeps postponing his studies will regret at the eleventh hour. Rather than burning the midnight oil, we must make proper use of the time. Slow and steady wins the race, Story of Tortoise and Hare is known to every body. It will avoid mental strain during exam time. There a few similar proverbs which indicate the value of time such as â€Å"make hay while the sun shines† â€Å"strike when the iron is hot† and â€Å"a stitch in time saves nine†. Take care of the minutes and the hours will take care of themselves. It is always said never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. If man takes care of his minutes then the hours and days will take care of themselves. Time is more precious than money. Time is universal and eternal. We all grow in time, live in time and ultimately perish in time. Time may not be defined exactly, but we all know what it is and how valuable. We all want fame, success, happiness, and prosperity but only a few are able to achieve this because only they make the best use of their time. Time and tide wait for none. They cannot be commanded. They are to be used in the best possible manner. We should be prepared to make the best use of an opportunity when offered. Time once lost can never be recovered. â€Å"Trust no Future, how’re pleasant! Let the dead Past bury its dead! Act, act in the living Present! Heart within and God overhead! † Be like the clock. Always keep on ticking by involving yourself in various things and learning new things. These small knowledge and experience modules will perhaps one day take us to our bigger goal. Make use of time for positive, social, innovative work. Live for others as â€Å"they alone live who live for others, rests are dead than alive. † They say Time and Tide waits for no man. If so, now stop brooding over past and utilize your time effectively! Take the time to work, for it is the price of success. Take the time to think, it is the source of strength. Take the time to play, it is the secret of youth. Take the time to read, it is the seed of wisdom. Take the time to be friendly, for it brings happiness. Take the time to dream, for it will carry you to the stars. Take the time to love; it is the joy of life. Take the time to be content, it is the music of the soul. Prepared By –Prarthana Das IX A, Sacred Heart School, Jamshedpur..

Overview of Synthesis and Preparation Experiments

Overview of Synthesis and Preparation Experiments Introduction: As we know, Manganese is found in the first row of transition metal with the electron configuration [Ar] 3d5 4s2. Besides that, Manganese has different type of oxidation states when it appears as a compound and the oxidation state is from Mn(-III) until Mn(VII). So, we know that the compounds of manganese range in the oxidation number have a different of 10 electrons. In the experiment 1, we prepare tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III), Mn(acac)3 by using manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate and potassium permanganate act as oxidation agent to oxidise manganese(II) chloride to acetylacetonemanganese(III). Manganese(III) acetylacetonate is an one- electron oxidant. Manganese(III) acetylacetonate is high spin. It has also a distorted octahedral structure. This distortion is due to the Jahn-Teller effect. (Absolute Astronomy, 2009). The structure of Manganese(III) acetylacetonate is shown as below:- (Source: Tcieurope.com) The equation is as follow:- MnCl2 + 4H2O Mn(H2O)4Cl2 Mn(H2O)4] Cl + 2HC5H7O2 + NaC2H3O2 Mn(C5H7O2)2 + NaCl + HC2H2O2 4Mn(C5H7O2)2 + KMnO4 + 7HC5H7O2 + HC2H3O2 5Mn(C5H7O2)3 + KC2H3O2 + 4H2O Furthermore, bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) is also known as Vanadyl acetylacetonate, VO(acac)2. As we know, it is a blue green complex. bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) has a vanadyl group, VO2+. The vanadyl group is bonded to 2 acetylacetonate anions and the structure of the compound is as follow:- This complex can be made from vanadium(IV) or vanadium(V). In our experiment, bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) was prepared from vanadium(V) oxide and the equation is as follow:- V2O5 + 2H2SO4 + EtOH 2VOSO4 + 3H2O + CH3CHO VOSO4 + 2HC5H7O2 + Na2CO3 VO(C5H7O2)2 + Na2So4 + H2O + CO2 (Absolute Astronomy, 2009) Besides that, both of the acetylacetonato (acac) groups of bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) are able to be exchanged with organic ligands having coordinating atoms of different potentialities. (Maurya, 2003) Both Manganese(III) acetylacetonate and bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) are bond with acetylacetonate which known as ligand. The precursor for acetylacetonate is acetylacetone with formula CÂ ­5H8O2. However, acetylacetonate is an anion. It can bind to corresponding cation but it very hard to exist as a free ion in solution. In addition, Cobalt is a hard, gray metal. It has a proton number 27. Besided that, there are two types of cobalt ions namely Co2+ and Co3+. First, Co3+ ion is more weaker than the Co2+ ion. However, the complex ion formed with higher oxidation state is more stable. ( Â °zmir Institute of Technology, n.d.). So that, Cobalt(III) complexes are kinetically inert. Co3+ can undergo a process known as ligand exchange reactions slowly which compared to Co2+ complexes. The cobalt(III) complexes are usually in octahedral shape. In the experiment, chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is being synthesized. The structure is as follow:- (Source: Chemicalbook.com) The complex is prepared by the oxidation of ammoniacal solution of cobalt(II) salts by using hydrogen peroxide. The formula is as follow:- Co2+ + NH4+ + 1/2H202 → [Co(NH3)5H20]3+ [Co(NH3)5H20]3+ + 3Cl- → [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 + H20 ( Â °zmir Institute of Technology, n.d.) Materials and Methods: Experiment one, 5g of MnCl2.4H20 1.3g of NaC2H3O2.3H2O NaC2H3O2.3H2O Dissolved in 200cm3 of distilled water. 21cm3 of 2HC5H7O2 slowly added 1g of KMnO4 Present of two-phase layer Solution A added in with stirring Dissolved in 50cm3 of distilled water. 13g of NaC2H3O2.3H2O Solution B added in Solution A Solution B Dissolved in 50cm3 of distilled water. Heated with 60oC for 30 minutes Complex washed with acetone Solid complex filtered by suction Resultant solution was cooled with ice-cold water Experiment 2 Experiment 3 5 cm3 distilled water 4 cm3 concentrated H2SO4 10 cm3 ethanol Were added in. Recrystallise Results : For experiment 1, from the equation below, I can get the theoretical mass of the Mn(acac)3 solid complex by : Mn(H2O)4] Cl + 2HC5H7O2 + NaC2H3O2 Mn(C5H7O2)2 + NaCl + HC2H2O2 4Mn(C5H7O2)2 + KMnO4 + 7HC5H7O2 + HC2H3O2 5Mn(C5H7O2)3 + KC2H3O2 + 4H2O From the equation, we know that 1 mol of Mn(H2O)4] Cl = 1 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2. So, 5 g of Mn(H2O)4] Cl = 0.0308 mol is also = 0.0308 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2. From the second equation, 4 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2 = 5 mol of Mn(acac)3 0.0308 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2 = 0.0385 mol. So, theoretical weight of Mn(acac)3 = 0.0385 mol X 252.938 g/mol theoretical weight of Mn(acac)3 = 9.7381 g The following shows the method to get our experimental weight: Weight of Sample tube 14. 8180 g Weight of Sample tube + solid complex , Mn(acac)3 18.7785 g So, the experimental weight of Mn(acac)3complexes were 3.9605 g Percentage yield of Mn(acac)3complexes we get was = 3.9605 g / 9.7381 g X 100 % = 40.67 % Next, Magnetic moment of Mn(acac)3complexes were calculated as follow : m = 0.9278g- 0.8193g = 0.1085g Ro= -33 L = 2.4cm R= 1165 (paramagnetic) CBal = 1 X(g) = [CBal X L X (R-Ro) ] / 109 X m X(g) of Mn(acac)3complexes = 2.65 X 10-5 So, Mn(acac)3complexes are paramagnetic Interpretation of IR spectrum for complexes will be written in discussion. For experiment 2, from the equation below, I can get the theoretical mass of the [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 solid complex by : Co2+ + NH4+ + 1/2H202 → [Co(NH3)5H20]3+ [Co(NH3)5H20]3+ + 3Cl- → [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 + H20 From the above equation, 1 mol of Co2+ = 1 mol of [Co(NH3)5H2O]3+ 12g of Co2+ = 0.0504 mol So 0.0504 mol of [Co(NH3)5H20]3+= 0.0504 mol of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Theoretical weight of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 solid complexes = 0.0504 mol X 250.433 g/mol = 12.6218 g The following shows the method to get our experimental weight: Weight of Sample tube 14. 9285 g Weight of Sample tube + solid complex , Mn(acac)3 22.3723 g So, the experimental weight of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 solid complexes = 7.4438 g Percentage yield of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2complexes = 7.4438 g / 12.6218 g X 100 % = 58.98 % Next, Magnetic moment of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2complexes were calculated as follow : m = 0.9264g- 0.8207g = 0.1057g Ro= -36 L = 2.1cm R= -41 (dimagnetic) CBal = 1 X(g) = [CBal X L X (R-Ro) ] / 109 X m X(g) of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2complexes = -9.9338 X 10-8 So, [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2complexes are dimagnetic For experiment 3, from the equation below, I can get the theoretical mass of the [Vo(acac)2(H2O)] solid complex by : V2O5 + 2H2SO4 + EtOH 2VOSO4 + 3H2O + CH3CHO VOSO4 + 2HC5H7O2 + Na2CO3 VO(C5H7O2)2 + Na2So4 + H2O + CO2 From the above equation, 1 mol of V2O5 = 2 mol of VOSO4 2g 0f V2O5 = 0.011 mol = 0.022 mol of VOSO4 2 mol of VOSO4 = 2 mol of VO(C5H7O2)2 Theoretical weight of VO(C5H7O2)2= 0.022 mol X 264.94 g/mol = 5.8287 g The following shows the method to get our experimental weight: Weight of Sample tube 14.8445 g Weight of Sample tube + solid complex , Mn(acac)3 18.5818 g So, the experimental weight of VO(C5H7O2)2= 3.7373 g Percentage yield of VO(C5H7O2)2= 3.7373 g / 5.8287 g X 100% = 64.12% Next, Magnetic moment of impure VO(C5H7O2)2 complexes were calculated as follow : m = 0.8880g 0.8244 g = 0.0636g Ro= -34 L = 2.5cm R= 72 (paramagnetic) CBal = 1 X(g) = [CBal X L X (R-Ro) ] / 109 X m X(g) of impure VO(C5H7O2)2complexes = 4.17 X 10-6 So, VO(C5H7O2)2complexes are paramagnetic Magnetic moment of pure VO(C5H7O2)2 complexes were calculated as follow : m = 0.8947g -0.8211 = 0.0736g Ro= -33 L = 2.3cm R= 144 (paramagnetic) CBal = 1 X(g) of pure VO(C5H7O2)2complexes = 5.53 X 10-6 Discussion : Interpretation of IR spectrum for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III): Wavenumber (cm-1) Description of bands 2921.1 2959.7 -relative intensity : weak CH stretching of CH3 1593.9 1508.0 -relative intensity : strong -(C=C) stretching -(C=CH) deformation 1387.2 -relative intensity : strong -(CH3)- symmetric C-H deformation 1253.5 -relative intensity : strong -(C=C) stretching -(C-CH3) stretching 1016.8 -relative intensity : strong -(CH3) out-of plane bending 923.2 -relative intensity : strong -(C-CH3) stretching 777.0 -relative intensity : strong -(C-H)deformation 678.1 -relative intensity : medium/ strong -(C-CH3)stretching,(O=C-CH3) deformation -(Mn-O) stretching indicates metal-ligand bond 460.1 relative intensity : weak (C=C) stretching,(C-CH3) stretching -(Mn-O) stretching that also indicates metal-ligand bond Interpretation of IR spectrum for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride: Wavenumber (cm-1) Description of bands 3258.0 -relative intensity : strong NH3 stretch 1576.2 -relative intensity : medium -degenerate asymmetric NH3 stretching 1307.8 -relative intensity : strong -symmetric NH3 angle deformation 844.9 -relative intensity : strong -NH3 rocking 487.6 -(Co-Cl) stretching indicates metal-ligand bond Interpretation of IR spectrum for impure bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV): Wavenumber (cm-1) Description of bands 1556.8 1521.0 -relative intensity : medium (C=O) stretching -( C=C),(C=CH) stretching 1418.7 -relative intensity : medium -(CH3) deformation 1374.0 1357.6 -relative intensity : strong -(C=O) stretching -(CH3) deformation mode 1286.6 -relative intensity : strong -(C=C=C) stretching 998.2 -relative intensity : strong and sharp -stretching of V=O bond -it also indicates the metal-ligand bond. 1018.6 -relative intensity : strong -(CH3) rocking 936.1 -relative intensity : strong -(C-CH3) stretching -(C=O) stretching 798.6 -relative intensity : medium -(C-H) out-of-plane bending 685.9 657.2 -relative intensity : medium/ weak -(ring) deformation out-of-plane bending for: 609.2 -(ring) deformation Interpretation of IR spectrum for pure bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV): FTIR is known as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. This FTIR can be used to identify different types of chemical bond which is either organic compound or inorganic compound. So no two different compounds will have same spectrum. However, FTIR may cause destructive to our sample compare to magnetic susceptibility which is non-destructive. Besides that, magnetic susceptibility can be group by paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic. Paramagnetic substance is those attracted by strong magnetic field but those repelled by magnetic field are diamagnetic substances. Besides that, we can also confirm the shape by using magnetic susceptibility. The Cobalt ion to form Chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride has 6 electron in d orbital. Magnetic Susceptibility for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is -9.9338 X 10-8 and it is diamagnetic. Only the low-spin octahedral shape shows diamagnetic properties, so the shape of chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is octahedral. Magnetic Susceptibility for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 2.65 X 10-5 and it is paramagnetic. So the shape of tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is octahedral. However we cannot determine whether is low-spin or high-spin in this situation because we are not calculating the pairing energy for the complex. In addition, there is only one electron in d orbital for vanadium ion of bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV). Magnetic susceptibility for it is 4.17 X 10-6 and it is paramagnetic. Moreover, oxovanadium complexes act as insulin mimetics, nucleolytic and anticancer. To recognize insulin- mimetic complexes, a simple and fast in-vitro assay is developed. Besides that, an accurate assessment of the cells taken up of glucose, in-vitro assay with Ehrlich can be used. The oxovanadium complexes can cleave DNA without the present of hydrogen peroxide. Then, its nucleolytic efficiency is also greater but it is affected by the choice of buffer and pH. The oxovanadium complexes is also an anticancer agent against human ovarian cancer. Actually, I have acquired a lot of new knowledge among these three experiments. First, experiment one and two are easier to carry out compared to experiment three. This is because experiment one and two involved oxidation which Mn2+ was oxidized to Mn3+ ; Co2+ was oxidized to Co3+. Whereas experiment 3 involved reduction which reduced VO5+ to VO4+. At the beginning of each experiments, we heated up the sample in open air. It is easier to oxidize the compound than reduce the compound in the presence of oxygen. So, we need more time to heated the V2O5. During the first time of experiment three, I failed to get a blue color solid powder. This is because I heated the sample in the open air and I failed to control the heater. So, after the filtration process, I got a white solid powder. Therefore, I learnt from the mistake and during the second time I used reflux method. This time I can control the heating process well. The ethanol was not evaporated much. After filtration, I got quite a lot of blue solid powder. So, I knew that, for reduction process, we cannot heat the sample too quickly and heat too long. If we heated too long, most of the product will evaporate. Next, from the FTIR spectrum, I can observe that the spectrum from the first and third experiment are quite similar. This is because, the peak from the spectrum are mostly from the acetylacetonato (acac). However, spectrum from experiment two is quite different from other experiment because mostly the peaks come from Cl compared to other experiments. The percentage yield of the complexes from all the three experiment that I have calculate out was not so high. This is maybe due to the washing of the product with acetone, some of the product was dissolved and washed away. However, there are other factors which cause problem to our results. First, most of the heating plate we used cannot function well. I changed many heating plate during the experiment. Next, we have kept our half way done sample for more than 7 days. The results may not be so accurate anymore. Another factor maybe due to the volume and amount of the sample and other material we measure are not accurate. Our product may contain some impurities. However, some of the precaution was taken during the experiment. In these experiments, some of the chemical was corrosive and poisonous such as concentrated HCl and H2SO4. So, we poured the chemical carefully in the fume board. Next, before using any instrument, we read through the manual to understand the steps to function the magnetic susceptibility balance. We also taken down some important steps to function the FTIR spectrophotometer. I have asked some help from lab assistant on where to get the material for experiment. Conclusion The percentage yield for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 40.67%, chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is 58.98% and (acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) is 64.12%. For tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III), the peak for two Mn-O bond are at the region approximately 678.1 cm-1 and 458.3 cm-1. For chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride, the peak for Co-N bond is at 669.2 cm-1 while Co-Cl bond is at 486.2 cm-1. For bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV), the peak for V=O bond is at 997.4 cm-1 region. Magnetic Susceptibility for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 2.65 x 10-5 and it is paramagnetic. Besides, Magnetic Susceptibility for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is -9.93x 10-8 and is diamagnetic. For bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV), magnetic susceptibility for impure complex and pure complex are 4.17X 10-6 and 5.53X 10-6 respectively. They are paramagnetic.

Contingency Planning Policy Statement

Contingency Planning Policy Statement Disaster Recovery Planning plays a most vital part in major industries where stored information or so called data plays the key role. Every business organization can be subjected to serious incidents or accidents which can prevent it from continuing day-day or normal operations and may cause in huge loss in terms of time as well as money. These incidents can happen at any day and at anytime, these causes can be natural calamities, human errors and system malfunctions. All Disaster Recovery planning needs to encompass how employees will communicate, where they will go and how they will keep doing their jobs. The details can vary greatly, depending on the size and scope of an organization and the way it does business. For some businesses, issues such as supply chain logistics are most crucial and are the focus on the plan. For others, information technology may play a more pivotal role, and the Disaster Recovery plan may have more of a focus on systems recovery. In this paper we are go ing to primarily discuss about steps to implement an actual disaster recovery plan. Below is the brief description of how the plan is implemented. Developing a contingency planning policy statement Conducting the business impact analysis (BIA) Identifying preventive controls Developing recovery strategies Developing a contingency plan Planning, testing, training and exercises Planning maintenance activities All the above steps are planned and performed taking all factors of the business into consideration. We shall also discuss the limitations of implementing such a plan. We shall also include real time examples and the successful results yielded by implementing the Disaster Recovery Plan. So this plans would act like a backup recovery process or a kind of business continuity solution while the actual system goes offline or corrupted. DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING Have we ever imagined as to what would happen if we belong to a business and we lose critical data or information due to some errors like human errors or a server crash or a lost computer or any natural calamity? Such kind of loss of information could lead to major losses in information in turn would affect the company in term of time and money and in this current world where recession has struck real bad the stakes are even higher. Protection information or data in a company is one of the major tasks or responsibility a company should take, such is the time where the disaster recovery planning would come in great help. Disasters strike untimely in many forms like natural disasters, computer errors or human errors. These kinds of disasters could lead to major catastrophe in the companys future. Disaster Recovery Planning is a procedure or a plan which protects the business data and in case of a calamity would help in continuity of business operations with the least loss amount in ter ms of time and money. The terrorist 9/11 attacks on the United States are one of such great examples in history for many organization decision makers to focus on the need for disaster recovery. There was huge loss of data and resulted in great loss of money and jolted the market for a few months. Business continuity and Disaster Recovery are major components which help to ensure that systems essential to the operation of the organization are available when needed. The term disaster took to a new height after the 9/11 events, before many business used to think disasters in terms of natural calamities or computer errors. Some events occur in such a way that it may take months or even years to recover. Sources say that till date, 70% of small businesses in the U.S. experienced a data loss in the past year due to technical or human disaster alone [AMI U.S. Small Business 2009 Annual Overview]. 1Over years many companied have started to realize the importance of this recovery planning an d business continuity. Sources even say that the companies which have actually using these plans are very happy and secure and scare for any type of disaster has been reduced. Sources say that from the year 2000 there has been a gradual increase in the companies who have started to implement the Disaster Recovery solution and the Business continuity solutions. The IT business has always been a target for many hackers and terrorist organizations all over the world. Over the years IT has improved and has been a major source of money as well as information. The security in the IT organization has always been a question mark as through the years, many disasters have occurred and there has been huge loss of data. In the early years IT companies has always been the target as the security measures werent that strong, they were used to be called as Single Point of Failures. So with the increasing threats from external organization, recovery plans and solutions have started to improve and ga ined lot of Interest over the years. IBM was an organization which had made a major influence in the market in providing the recovery solutions. Many companies initially thought that the implementation of these disaster recovery plans could be really expensive and had to deal with a lot of money, but they soon realized the loss occurred during a disaster is far more than the amount required to invest for the solutions. The primary reason in order to implement this kind of solution is: To implement accurate and continuous critical records, data backup, and off-site storage. To develop various strategies in order to provide alternative sites for business operations. To construct a contingency organization. To resume business operations with the loss of least amount of time and money. The following are the key steps or procedures which are needed to be followed in order to implement a disaster recovery plan: Developing a contingency planning policy statement Conducting the business impact analysis (BIA) Identifying preventive controls Developing recovery strategies Developing a contingency plan Planning, testing, training and exercises Planning maintenance activities CONTINGENCY PLANNING POLICY STATEMENT According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the following statement means that it is a set of management policies and procedures designed to maintain and restore business operations, possibly at an alternate location in the event of emergency, system failure or disaster.-2 This is one major component in the disaster recovery planning. In this, a plan is laid down keeping all the emergency situations in mind and preparation for any kind of disasters which may occur at any point of time. The policy statement is really talks about communication between management and those responsible for developing the plan. Keeping in view the driving goals of the project and the level of financial resources and other resources, the particular people who are involved and are to be responsible, this policy statement gives everything that the planners need to work out options in order to achieve the organizations goals. It also provides the scope to planners to interact with the management in case they need to re-assess the organization goals and resources from time to time. The importance of this step is not just for preparing the plan for the DR implementation but also at this step a major amount of cost is involved than the other phases of the DR implementation. Here a re the key points that the policy statement should address: What kind of disaster does the organization intend to cover? What do the organizations need to accomplish? How much time would it take in order to get things back to normal state? Where does the responsibility of the plan and planners end? How to take advantage of the crisis situation in order to improve your organization image with the stake holders? What level of system should be covered in case of any crisis? What is the maximum level of resources that the plan can command during the preparation, implementation, testing and maintenance? The initial draft for this plan may set goals that turn out to be impossible under the resource constraints specified. But as the time passes we need re-evaluate the policy and adjust the goals and resources according the situations. BUSINESS IMPACT ANALYSIS The primary purpose of this step is to ensure that everything is protected without any loss of resources. This will also facilitate as to how quickly the business operation should have to return to full operations in case a disaster occurs. These are analyzed and identified on the basis of the worst-case scenario which may occur that assumes that the physical infrastructure supporting each respective business unit would be destroyed and all records, equipment, etc. are not accessible within 30 days. The main objectives of the business impact analysis (BIA) are as follows: Estimating on what scale on each business unit can be affected financially, considering the worst case scenarios Estimating on what scale on the operations of each business unit can be affected considering the worse case scenarios. Identifying and estimating the amount of personnel required for recovery operations. Estimating the time frame required for each business unit, considering the worst case scenarios. The key business processes that act as backbones to the organizations ability to carry out its business are identified and the requirements that drive these processes are also analyzed. The above processes can be identified and sorted in two different ways. Outside-In Analysis: This analysis is conducted in consideration with external stake holders, outside suppliers and internal departments which depend on IT services. The outside-in analysis focuses on whole systems, at each layer taking into consideration, the current process or system as distinct from the users or other systems that depend on it and via versa. Depending on the overall complexity of your business and how it makes the ideal solution to divide things up in the context, we may end up with just a single layer or with many of them. Inside-Out Analysis: The inside-out phase primarily focuses on resources that are required in each layer in order to provide the services that have been identified in the Outside-In phase which covers everything from the core system to the IT resources in the organizations. Then for each of the above we shall determine the impact of a disaster which may cause disruption or damage of the resource on the functioning of the system and its ability to deliver the services on which other layers depend on. Then we determine the maximum time wastage due to the disaster test we conducted on each of the services on the basis of what other layers are dependent on these services. We shall also include in the analysis any indirect effects which were caused by the disaster on these services. The BIA Report should be presented to the Steering Committee PREVENTIVE MEASURES There has been a simple formula for determining the risk associated financially with a given type of disaster; $R=P*C*T where P is the probability that the disaster will occur, C is the hourly or daily cost of downtime in lost productivity, lost revenue, etc. and T is time outage. The primary purpose of this step is to reduce the time outage, which are also the main purposes of the DR plan. Since the risk and the other factor are directly proportional to the time outage associated, hence the reduction of time is the primary responsibility of this task. At the same time the reduction of the other two factors which is the probability of the occurrence of the disaster and the cost due to the downtime are equally important. So minimizing all the three factors would result in the least risk possible. Generally sources say that the cost of preventing a problem is far lower than the cost of fixing it after it occurs. Let us now look into how we can identify the above factors. Firstly the pr obability of disaster occurring is generally is the toughest one to say. Natural calamities come and strike without a sign. The only way to prevent them is to make the organization sites in safe places. Next is the computer malfunction or server crash, these can be prevented by regular maintenance, constant tracking through performance monitors, proper vigilance and good security. Secondly is the cost reduction, there should be maintenance in such a way that generally if by chance there has been any damage the system should be protected. We should not be in a position to replace and get a new one. Generally the cost associated in installing a new machine is always higher than the maintenance cost put on it. Even the cost of downtime can be reduced by reducing the organizations dependence on the system. Thirdly is the time outage, we need to have special ops teams which should act readily to any situational catastrophe. So by reducing all the above factors we can reduce the probabili ty of risk on the organization. RECOVERY STRATERGIES The primary task of this step is to determine how we have to achieve the disaster recovery goals for each of the systems and system components that were identified in the Business Impact Analysis. It is here that we do the core work of balancing costs and benefits of the available approaches. This step is not just about selecting specific vendors, determining exact costs, or developing detailed procedures, but the main purpose in this stage is to select the types of solution that you will use and to determine the scales of the costs involved. There are a set of consideration we need to follow while going through this phase. Firstly, we need to consider exactly what type of disasters may occur and classify them into different types based on the effectiveness Secondly; we need to consider solutions of differing range of coverage i.e. we need to determine solutions which can protect on the site failures as such a solution can also protect the system and its components. Lastly we need to consider are the characteristics of infrastructure, human and data aspects of recovery. Each of the above three factors should be considered separately and we should determine what type of solution and the cost associated for the solution. Out of the above three factors Infrastructure recovery is the simplest. The best feature of infrastructure is that it can be replaced easily. People are considered more difficult factors. Every personnel in the company are associated with particular skills and accordingly they are assigned roles. So if a recovery strategy is needed to be implemented on these people, suppose if a personnel has been fired or he quits then finding another personnel of the same skill set and roles is always an additional cost ,since we need to play better salaries. Thirdly it is the data; this cannot be replaced at any cost. Once a data is lost cannot be recovered at any cost. What we need to determine is to what extent of data we can lose and identify which is the c ritical data and we need to protect it accordingly. Once this is done, we have to note the recovery strategies for each system on the Master System Information form. DEVELOP THE CONTINGENCY PLAN This step is the apex or the peak activity of all your work. The main outcome of this phase is the documented plan and the complete implementation of the infrastructure in order to implement the plan. This documented plan includes each and every information of assumptions, constraints and specific procedure needed to be implemented. The implementation phase contains all the purchasing and setup of all the hardware and implementation at the sites, communication services etc. This phase itself is run by a team, just like a team which handles projects. Team which consists of different expertise with fixed timelines and deadlines. According to the NIST guide the following are some aspects or steps which needed to be followed during the plan. 1. Introduction: Here the main task is to document the goals and scope of the plan, along with any requirements that must be taken into account whenever the plan is updated. 2. Operational Overview: The purpose of this section is to provide a concise picture of the plans overall approach. It contains essentially two types of information: (1) a high-level overview of the systems being protected and the recovery strategies employed and (2) a description of the recovery teams and their roles. 3. Notification/Activation Phase: According to the NIST guide this phase defines the initial actions taken once a system disruption or emergency has been detected or appears to be imminent. This phase includes activities like notifying recovery personnel, assessing system damage and implementation of the plan. At the completion of this phase, recovery staff will be prepared to perform contingency measures to restore system functions on a temporary basis. 4. Recovery Phase: This section of the plan is one that documents in detail the solutions to be used to recover each system and the procedures required to carry out the recovery and restore operational activities. 5. Reconstitution Phase: This is the last of the three sections of the plan. As per the NIST guide this phase is where the recovery activities are terminated and normal operations are transferred back to the organizations facility. If the original facility is unrecoverable, the activities in this phase can also be applied to preparing a new facility to support system processing requirements. 6. Appendices: The appendices contains any information that (a) is necessary as reference material during recovery, (b) may be necessary during any revision of the plan, or (c) documents legal agreements. PLANNING TESTING TRAINING AND EXERCICES In this fast moving modern information technology world, with the change in time and things, many hardware components are replaced, softwares are upgraded, networks are reconfigured, data sizes grow. All the above factors play a major impact on the performance of the disaster recovery systems. Testing and exercising goals are established and alternative testing strategies are evaluated from time to time. Each and every procedure required for testing should be properly documented from time to time. Initially the testing should be done in sections and should be conducted after the office hours. Below are some types of testing: Check List Testing Simulation Testing Parallel Testing Full Interruption Testing Although these systems were fully tested when first installed, but the system is dynamic in nature, so proper training should be given to personnel from time to time. We need to conduct exercises from time to time to check the status and under different condition with the help from all the personnel in the organization. Once the plan has been properly tested and documented it should be approved by the top management to start off. The management would take all the responsibility of preparation of policies, procedure, responsibilities and tasks associated with it. It should make sure that they review the contingency plan at least annually and re-assess and approve it. At the same it should be responsible in making limitations and constraints. Proper implementation of the above all factors will lead to a smooth start up and helps the DR plan successful. PLAN MAINTAINENCE After developing a disaster recovery plan, it is equally important to ensure that the plan accurately runs accordingly to the current requirements and systems. There are three places, at which the plan can be reviewed firstly, during testing annually or semiannually, and secondly when changes are made in either the IT systems being protected or in the business processes they support. The first of the above two falls in the responsibility of the top management in the disaster recovery planning and so has to be done on a regular basis. The last requires that consideration of the impact of the changes on the disaster recovery plan to be introduced as a standard consideration in procedures that are outside the scope of direct concern of those responsible for the DR plan. SUMMARY The world is fast changing and organizations need to be prepared for natural or manmade disasters that could disrupt business processes. Customers and millions of dollars could potentially be lost and never be recovered if business processes are disrupted. The Business Continuity Plan helps resume the business processes and the Disaster Recovery Plan helps resume the IT systems. The core objective of a Disaster Recovery Plan is to restore the operability of systems that support mission-critical and critical business processes to normal operation as quickly as possible. Business continuity planning integrates the business resumption plan, occupant emergency plan, incident management plan, continuity of operations plan, and disaster recovery plan. Personnel from each major business unit should be included as members of the team and part of all disaster recovery planning activities. These people need to understand the business processes, technology behind those processes, networks, and systems in order to create the disaster recovery plan. Applications and systems are identified by the team that is mission-critical and critical to the organization. There would be a specialist disaster recovery team which will be responsible for training, implementing, and maintaining the plan. They will possess unique skills, knowledge, and abilities that should be updated in the plan. A Disaster Recovery Plan that is well developed, trained on, and maintained, will minimize loss and ensure continuity of critical business processes in the event of disaster.

Buddhism Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People around the world speak of American influence in politics, business, and merchandise. The terms ‘globalization’ or ‘global interdependence’ are recently being more understood by most when defining them with relation to corporations, environmental issues, and the modern economy. Can these terms be used to describe the religious beliefs in Canada? The religious life of North American society does not find its roots here at home. We live in a Christian domain. Its roots are 2000 years old and lie half way around the world. It is all around us in our homes, schools, workplace, media, and quite inescapable in our daily lives. In the 21st Century however, basic Christian values are being influenced by ‘Eastern’ religions. Buddhism, in particular, is becoming very popular in North America. What happens when a person attempts to be a Buddhist follower in a Christian society?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Long before Christian missionaries spread their word around the globe, Buddhist monks were traveling afar attracting followers. Buddhism was the world's first missionary religion. There was no evidence that any religion before it was interested in spreading their faith on a world-wide basis. Indeed, the opposite was the case. Pre-Buddhist religions were more interested in excluding others from its fold rather than welcoming them. However, outside Asia, these missionary attempts were somewhat unfruitful. Although Buddhism successfully spread throughout Asia it remained virtually unknown in the West until modern times. Knowledge of Buddhism has come through three main channels: Western scholars; the work of philosophers, writers and artists; and the arrival of Asian immigrants who have brought various forms of Buddhism with them. Many Tibetans, for example, fled from their country after the Chinese takeover in 1959. The wars in Indochina in the 1950s and 1960s led m any Vietnamese people to move to and settle in America. Other Buddhists from countries such as Thailand have established businesses in the larger Western cities. They have all brought their Buddhist beliefs to their new homes, and helped to set up Buddhist centres all over North America. With technology and the expansion of travel and communications, the West has been able to find out more about Buddhism in this century than in all the time before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  &nb... ...d by an arrow wishes to know who shoots the arrow, from which direction it comes, whether the arrow head is made of bone or iron, whether the shaft is of this kind of wood or another before he will have the arrow removed. This man is likened to those who would like to know about the origin of the Universe, whether the world is eternal or not, finite or not before they will undertake the practice of a religion. Just as the man in the parable will die before he has all the answers he wants regarding the origin and nature of the arrow, such people will die before they will ever have the answers to all their irrelevant questions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personally, learning this theory has caused me to first, sigh in relief. I sigh because I realize that the Buddha is right. I realize that all the stress in deciding on a religion is completely irrelevant. The first step is accepting the world the way it is, at the present time, and understanding it. Then, concentrate on the things that are causing the suffering in my life. Without being a Buddha, one can live a life that would please any God (real or not, in almost any religion), while at the same time that person can be happy. Buddhism Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People around the world speak of American influence in politics, business, and merchandise. The terms ‘globalization’ or ‘global interdependence’ are recently being more understood by most when defining them with relation to corporations, environmental issues, and the modern economy. Can these terms be used to describe the religious beliefs in Canada? The religious life of North American society does not find its roots here at home. We live in a Christian domain. Its roots are 2000 years old and lie half way around the world. It is all around us in our homes, schools, workplace, media, and quite inescapable in our daily lives. In the 21st Century however, basic Christian values are being influenced by ‘Eastern’ religions. Buddhism, in particular, is becoming very popular in North America. What happens when a person attempts to be a Buddhist follower in a Christian society?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Long before Christian missionaries spread their word around the globe, Buddhist monks were traveling afar attracting followers. Buddhism was the world's first missionary religion. There was no evidence that any religion before it was interested in spreading their faith on a world-wide basis. Indeed, the opposite was the case. Pre-Buddhist religions were more interested in excluding others from its fold rather than welcoming them. However, outside Asia, these missionary attempts were somewhat unfruitful. Although Buddhism successfully spread throughout Asia it remained virtually unknown in the West until modern times. Knowledge of Buddhism has come through three main channels: Western scholars; the work of philosophers, writers and artists; and the arrival of Asian immigrants who have brought various forms of Buddhism with them. Many Tibetans, for example, fled from their country after the Chinese takeover in 1959. The wars in Indochina in the 1950s and 1960s led m any Vietnamese people to move to and settle in America. Other Buddhists from countries such as Thailand have established businesses in the larger Western cities. They have all brought their Buddhist beliefs to their new homes, and helped to set up Buddhist centres all over North America. With technology and the expansion of travel and communications, the West has been able to find out more about Buddhism in this century than in all the time before.   Ã‚  Ã‚  &nb... ...d by an arrow wishes to know who shoots the arrow, from which direction it comes, whether the arrow head is made of bone or iron, whether the shaft is of this kind of wood or another before he will have the arrow removed. This man is likened to those who would like to know about the origin of the Universe, whether the world is eternal or not, finite or not before they will undertake the practice of a religion. Just as the man in the parable will die before he has all the answers he wants regarding the origin and nature of the arrow, such people will die before they will ever have the answers to all their irrelevant questions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personally, learning this theory has caused me to first, sigh in relief. I sigh because I realize that the Buddha is right. I realize that all the stress in deciding on a religion is completely irrelevant. The first step is accepting the world the way it is, at the present time, and understanding it. Then, concentrate on the things that are causing the suffering in my life. Without being a Buddha, one can live a life that would please any God (real or not, in almost any religion), while at the same time that person can be happy.

Circus-circus Summary :: essays research papers

Circus-Circus was an unprofitable business and a small time casino when William Bennett and William Pennington purchased it in 1974 for $50,000. With a new marketing program in place and a stock offering in October of 1983, the company was rejuvenated. What it has become is a hotel/casino that is targeted mainly towards middle income gamblers as well as family oriented vacationers, but has not strayed away from the high rollers that are found in most casinos. With the focus being on many market segments, along with it's amusement park type atmosphere, this company can be categorized as a broad differentiator. Most recently, to go along with their amusement park atmosphere, Circus-Circus has broke ground into developing an aquatic environment that has beaches, snorkeling reef, and a swim-up shark exhibit. 2. ww 1. Financial Ratio Analysis 1997  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1996  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1995 A. Current Ratio 151,849/129,768 124,380/95,532  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   110,923/82,000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.17 times 1.3 times 1.35 times B. Total Debt to 1,694,739/ 968,161/ 826,424/ Total Assets 2,729,111  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2,213,503 1,512,548   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   62%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  43%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  55% C. Asset Turnover 1,170,182/  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1,299,596/  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1,334,250/ 2,729,111  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2,213,503  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1,512,548   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   43%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   59%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   88%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The results for current ratio are favorable. It states that Circus-Circus can pay off their short run debt with money to spare. Total debt to total asset is also favorable showing that they do not borrow much money that is listed as an asset. Asset turnover, however, is unfavorable. It was not as bad in 1995, but they are only making back about half of what they are spending. This is most likely due to the new aquatic addition they are putting adding. 4.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Circus-Circus' stock has been in somewhat of a slump since mid-March when the stock was at 26, but in June of 1998, had plummeted to 16. One of the main reasons for the drop is the rumor that Hilton Hotels has planned a takeover of the business.

Religion as Expressed in Art, Music and Literature Essay -- Visual Art

Salvador Dali, born in Spain in 1904, was one of world's most famous Surrealist artists. His work is popular amongst modern society as well as art enthusiasts and often interweaves bizarre and thought-provoking ideas with abstract images, many of these symbolising dreams and fantasies. His paintings explore the connection between reality and fantasy, and he once described his own work as "hand painted dream photographs". His exploration of fantasy and subconscious is pronounced clearly in "The Sacrament of the Lord's Supper", painted in 1955. The painting shows Dali's depiction of The Last Supper. Jesus is centred at the table with his twelve Disciples kneeling devoutly, with heads bowed, in perfect symmetry, as if two groups of six were mirroring each other on either side of Jesus. Above Jesus we see a transparent image of his own body. Dali painted this image to be interpreted by the individual in different ways. It represents both the literal Jesus; about to be betrayed and facing his arrest and crucifixion, and the spiritual Jesus; the belief in God and the faith that is present with Christians. A person with a non religious view would most probably see this as the literal sense of Christ, where as a Christian or otherwise religious person would be more likely to see both the literal and the spiritual representations. In the background, we are able to see a calm lake surrounded by barren hills. A mystical 'aura' of light rests in the centre of the landscape. Again, the interpretation of what this represents lies within the individual. It could merely be part of the beautiful Palestinian landscape, or it could be a holy aura of light emanating from Jesus, to represent his divinity. Dali presents us with a conflict of the literal reality and the religious mysticism, knowing that "only the eye of faith can pierce the veil of understanding". Situated in front of Jesus on the table are a broken loaf of ordinary brown bread and a glass of red wine. The Bible tells us how Jesus gave his disciples the blessed bread and the wine to represent his body and his blood. "This is my body, which is for you. Do this in memory of me" 1 Corinthians 11:24 In this painting, Dali gives us a sense of spirituality. He achieves this using the viewers' imaginary contribution rather than the actual representation of his images. To... ...nterpret it their self and form their own conclusions based on this. There are also a few biblical references to the arts in Christianity. "Speak to one another with psalms, hymns and spiritual songs. Sing and make music in your heart to the Lord" Ephesians 5:19 Additionally, when people are listening to a piece of religious music or to a certain extent viewing a piece of religious art or drama, they can sometimes encounter a numinous experience, similar to that which somebody may feel upon entering a greatly religious building or beautiful place. Many people have experienced this while listening to the 'Hallelujah Chorus' from Handel's 'Messiah'. In my opinion, the arts are one the best ways to express a religious idea, as I strongly believe that some things that can not be described verbally can be spoken through music or art. It seems to me that although conventional methods of worshipping a religion are successful in many ways, the arts can be a more effective way to express religious reasoning and help people to form their own conclusions about religion without encountering bias from people who already have strong religious, or anti-religious, views.

History of Spice Notes

History Of Spice Egyptians used a lot of spices for cooking and stuffed mummies Burned cinnamon to hide stench First recorded spice Traded spice with India Spice trade silk road All roads go to fertile crescent Arabs created a monopoly on the spice trade moving toward Europe Arabs Kept Europeans in the dark about the source of spices brought from India Created secrets and Myths Might boil seeds so Europeans couldn’t grow it Crusaders brought back new spices when they returned from battle which increased demand in Europe and had also developed a taste for spice increasing demand Spice Obsessions Only attainable by ruling classEmblems of power, gifts of state, heirlooms, currency Pepper: worth its weight in gold, used as currency Plagued by counterfeiting Dried juniper berries (added to extend pepper) Spice Obsession Theories Theory 1: Used spice as preservative (pepper) Not much evidence (salt works fine, local spices, afford fresh meat) Theory 2: Medicine Theory 3: Medieval pa late was dull Theory 4: Trade Route Inflation Middle man increase prices along silk road End of Obsession (17th century) Figure out you could grow spice Markets were saturated Moderate use of spice New groups of flavoring: chili’s coffee tea sugar, chocolate Pepper- Piper nigrumMost important spice economically America is the worlds largest importer Woody, perennial (3 seasons or more), tropical climbing vine No synchrony Monsoon tropical forests of Malabar coats, SW India Heat: Alkaloid irritants: piperine Inner core Aroma: From essential oil Pericarp, outershell Green pepper: comes from unripe berries (least hot) Black pepper: fully grown and dried White pepper: removed skin (hottest) Cinnamon: Cinnamomum verum Small evergreen tree in laurel family (true Cinnamon Ceylon) Native to Sri Lanka light flavor, fine texture, little Coumarin 2 yr old branches cut and fermented for 24 hrs nner bark peeled and dried to form quills Cassia (fake) evergreen native to India, Indonesia an d Vietnam Closely related, mostly US Thicker bark, whole tree used Heavy flavor, coarse texture, high coumarin Coumarin: appetite suppressing Medical/ research: antioxidant, antimicrobial, type II diabetes Saffron: Crocus sativus Iran major exporter, very expensive Perennial bulb, 2 flowers per bulb, completely domesticated 3 stigmas, manual harvest Egypt: Cleopatra, healers Disappeared with Roman Empire but came back as plague remedy Afghanistan: poppy vs. Saffron Flowers Pollination: the transfer of pollen from anther to stigmaCross pollination: Chance (pollen in air or water), or animals Mutualism, coevolution (trick or reward animals to pollenate) Egyptians thought divine power, blue lotus Ancient Greece: floral wreaths Ancient Rome: Floralia festival Christian: flowers where â€Å"pure† no sex Theophrastus: date palms pollinated by hand, proved reproduction Fall of roman empire, fall of flower, (great suspicion) Gained popularity Europe 600 AD Posies thought to ward off plague Saint Thomas: plants have reproductive virtues Linnaeus: taxonomic system based on flowers Botanophilia Victorian Age: women grew flowersSexual repression, low tolerance of crime, and strong social ethic Grew orchids (â€Å"a massive man-made extinction event†) Epiphytic plant: plant grow on another plant (non-parasitic) Orchidmania Biggest flowering plant family, highly evolved (very guarded against self-pollination), native species on every continent Grow slowly (7 yrs to mature and flower), long lived Catasetum orchid inspired Darwins early book Ghost orchid Tulipmania Extreme heterozygote First cultivated around turkey then moved to Holland Tulip breaking potyvirus (suppressed anthocyanin) (weakened plant) Spread by peach/potato aphidMutability, novelty, favored by royalty, bubonic plague era, scarcity/ demand 1635 shift, traded in future promissory notes â€Å"Greater Fool Theory† (1637 crash) Smell 1 0f 50 human genes in the human genome are devoted to sme ll Olfaction: sense of smell, chemical molecules Olfactory tract transmits signals to limbic system To smell must have Volatile: must easily evaporate Water soluble Lipid soluble Essential oils is what makes plants smell (2nd ary plant metabolite) Isolation of Essential Oils: heat effects the smell Expression: simplest, squeezed out, citrusDistillation: most used, boil, collect steam, condense to oil Solvent extraction: delicate flowers, grind up, steep in chemicals, then evaporate Effleurage: oldest method, plant material in fat, dissolve out fat Synthetic molecule Scent and Memory Proustian Effect: smell linked to memories, takes you back Scent marketing Billboard smell: makes bold statement (popcorn) Thematic smell: compliments decor (Christmas smell) Ambient smell: cover foul odor Signature smell Sugar (refers to many groups of carbohydrates) Monosaccharides: simple sugars, cant be broken down Glucose: basic source of energy (produced photosynthesis)Disaccharides: 2 monosacc. Ar e joined together and H2O removed Glucose: can from starch (storage in plants) or glycogen (storage in animals) Honey was the first sweetener used by humans Sugarcane Native to S/SE Asia, cultivated in India Large tropical grass, stores sucrose in internodes Stems crushed, boil sap, separate sugar crystals US 150 lbs/ yr consumed Arab traders brought to Mediterranean, sugar reached Europe after crusades, Columbus to Dominican Republic Labor first from indigenous people and forced labor from Europe Solve labor shortage imported slave British dominant traders in slaves and sugarSeen as unskilled and replaceable Malnutrition and starvation Triangle trade Sugar, rum to Europe; guns, salt, iron to Africa; slaves to Caribbean Sugar, molasses to America; rum to Africa, slaves to Car. Why so brutal? Very profitable, high demand, triangle trade Occurred in isolation â€Å"unskilled labor† abolitionists end in 1834 Chocolate Cacao tree Theobroma cacao, native tropical S America, Grows tall, hot climate, lots of rain, understory tree (shaded, damp) Cauliflory: flowers from trunk or large branches Each flower potential fruit, insect that pollinates only in understory Olmec, Mayan, AztecProcess Fermentation: pulp liquefied, seeds briefly germinate (choc. Flavor) Drying: lose weight, outer shell loosens Roasting: refines flavor Winnowing: removes outer shell Cravings Caffeine and theobromine (humans not very sensitive to ) Cannabinoid mimics Phenethylamines: chemicals associated with love Serotonin Coffee Coffea, understory tree, tropical evergreen, produc berries 3 yrs old Coffee fruit (drupe) contains 2 coffee â€Å"bean†s Center of origin Ethiopia highlands Coffea Arabica: 1st cultivated, wimpy (lower caffeine and yield) Coffea canephora (robusta): 2x caffeine, greater yieldShade Grown (traditional) coffee Originally understory trees Diverse habitat Minimal need for pesticides and fertilizers Sun Grown Coffee Monoculture system produced by clear cutting for est Increased fertilizers; herbicides and insecticides Increased soil erosion Coffee berry borer, natural predator ants Tea Popularity: tea, coffee, beer Camellia sinensis, evergreen tree/shrub China tea, 1st discovered and cultivated, cool climate, lower yield, lighter flavor Assam Tea, tree, less resistant to cold, high yields, brisk flavor Center or origin: chinaOxidation=fermentation Startch to sugar, tannins released Polyphenols: Antioxidant properties Catechines: 25% Concentrated in fresh, unbroken, unfermented Tannins 50%: break leaves tannins released Types Tulsi tea: related to mint, not china tea Medical/religious, India Hinduism Black: withered, full fermentation, crushed, dries (usually assam tea) brick Oolong: btw withered, short fermentation, rolled or ball form Green Tea: little withering, dried, high polyphenols (china tea) White tea: young leaves, no oxidation, higher catechins, healthyiest *