Chromium and Nickel in Welding Fumes Essay Example for Free

Chromium and Nickel in Welding Fumes Essay Chromium and nickel compounds are one of the many byproducts of the reaction between a metals and welding materials. Welders are exposed to these byproducts all throughout their welding works. However, too much exposure of a person to these by products may lead to serious health problems. In this paper, the disparity of American Welding Society safety facts and other organizations will be discussed. In addition, the ways to control exposure to the said compounds will be discussed. An overview of such effects of nickel and chromium compound fumes is listed by the AWS. It is stated that nickel and chromium compound fumes are possible carcinogens to the human system. Health effects of alloys that contain nickel and chromium to welders and users are not yet determined. Possible health effects should be referred to National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (American Welding Society [AWS], 2003). When one say that a person is exposed to a certain compound, this means many things. However, in this paper fumes that has concentrations of nickel and chromium compound. The disparity between the organizations will be examined. The American Welding Society (AWS) discussed three things, the immediate effects of exposure to fumes, the chronic or long-term effects of exposure to the fumes and protection against over exposure. In controlling exposure of a welder to nickel and chromium compounds, the AWS suggested a few things. First, welders or persons that are near welding sites should avoid inhaling the fumes. Second, Proper ventilation and exhausts should be provided to welding sites and arcs to avoid the gases to be near your breathing system. Third, Air samples should be tested for the correct level of compounds in the air if ventilation and exhausts are not properly established in a welding location. Last, minimize the exposure to the said compounds (American Welding Society [AWS], 2003). In contrast to the recommendations of AWS, Nickel Institute has a more detailed recommendation for controlling exposure to fumes with nickel and chromium compounds concentrate. In their recommendation, the level of concentrations of nickel and chromium compounds in fumes should be limited to 0. 05 mg/m3 up to 0. 1 mg/m3. In the recommendation, it is also stated that to control emission of fumes, proper choice of welding process must be employed. However, choice of welding process is usually determined by the technical and economic factors (Nickel Development Institute [NDI], 2001). Overall, safety of welders is still the concern that should be given proper handling. The goal of having a good control of the fumes with chromium compounds and nickel concentrations is to eliminate it. If one cannot eliminate it, then one should minimize it. First, proper welding process should be employed. Second, welder should work in a proper welding area. This means that the workplace should be fully ventilated and has exhausts. Third, proper welder equipments and apparatus should be used. Fourth, proper welder uniform should be used. This is one of the most important things to be considered. If a welder has a proper uniform, then possible direct damages to the person may be minimized or neglected. Last, routine checks of the work area, equipments, apparatus, and welders should be done. This means that a routine check of the said things must be done, like checking fume concentration levels, checking welder health, etc, in order to secure health hazards that may arise during the work. If the said recommendations are fully employed, then health hazards like over exposure to fumes can be minimized, if not eliminated. Thoriated Tungsten Electrodes Thoriated Tungsten Electrodes is one of the most used materials in welding. Thoriated tungsten has thorium. Thorium is a radioactive metal that emits alpha, and small amounts of beta and gamma particles. Thorium is one of the best welding materials due to its long lasting, easy to use, low melting and low rate of consumption of electrodes. However, certain health hazards are associated to thorium. External exposure of a person to thorium is not a big deal. The real danger of thoriated tungsten is when dust particles during the grinding of the thorium is ingested or inhaled. If a person accidentally ingested or inhaled thorium from grinding it, there is a big potential of internal radiation to the person who ingested or inhaled the dust particles (American Welding Society [AWS], 2003). The source of the thorium exposure is mainly derived from the grinding of the tungsten before use so that maximum arc stability of the electrode is achieved. In that process of grinding, thorium dust particles are released in to the open air that creates an unhealthy environment to welding personnel. Health officers in work areas should employ some recommendations in order to reduce the exposure of workers to thorium dust particles. In order to eliminate thorium dust particles, one should eliminate the use of thorium tungsten electrodes. Many thorium-free tungsten electrodes are available. Some of these are cerium, lanthanum, yttrium, and zirconium tungsten electrodes. If thoriated tungsten electrodes cannot be replaced, authorities in work areas should utilize the use of proper handling of the said materials. That is following the Material Safety Data Sheet for thoriated tungsten electrodes. One should also take in to consideration the containment of the dust particles. This means that one should contain dusts created from grinding as soon as possible in order to prevent the health hazards associated to it. In addition to that, work area authorities should also assess the ventilations systems. In that way, one can control the flow of dust particles that is not contained so that workers will be able to prevent inhalation and ingestion of the said particles. Containment of the dust particles is only the first step. The next step after it is the disposal of the dust particles. Thoriated dust particles should be disposed properly and regularly. Disposal of thoriated tungsten electrode dust particles should be disposed with compliance to federal state (The Welding Institute, [TWI], 2008). Radiation obtained from thoriated tungsten electrode can be prevented if one complies with the recommendations that are given from the previous paragraph. There should be someone who is able to check if a work place complies with the recommendations. Federal authorities are one of the many institutions that implement the recommendations of the American Welding Society (AWS). In addition to that, public health officers are also responsible in implementing the said recommendations. Furthermore, work places should also have their own health and safety officers that ensure a healthy working environment for its workers (American Welding Society [AWS], 2003). Health risks in work places can be prevented in many ways. Recommendations made by some institutions are welcomed in order to have a healthy work place for welders. If strict implementation of health and safety recommendations made by AWS is enforced, health risks like internal radiation can be prevented. Knowledge is the key to being safe and healthy. Knowledge in proper handling of thoriated tungsten electrode and proper disposal of thoriated dust particles can eliminate hazards brought about not only by thorium but also by all of the other materials that can cause health hazards. In the end, safety and health of workers will still be the concern of everyone. References American Welding Society. (October 2003). Chromium and Nickel in Welding Fume. Safety and Health Fact Sheet. Retrieved May 6, 2009 from http://files. aws. org/technical/facts/FACT-04. PDF American Welding Society. (October 2003). Thoriated Tungsten Electrodes. Safety and Health Fact Sheet. Retrieved May 6, 2009 from http://files. aws. org/technical/facts/FACT-27. PDF Nickel Development Institute (NDI). (March 2001). Stainless Steel and Welding Fume. Nickel Institute. Retrieved May 6, 2009 from http://www. nickelinstitute. org/index. cfm/ci_id/229. htm The Welding Institute (TWI). (2008). The Use of Thoriated Tungsten Electrodes. Retrieved May 6, 2009 from http://www. twi. co. uk/content/faq_thoriated. html

My Philosophy of Education :: Teaching Education Essays

My Philosophy of Education There are many ways to educate, express or unveil knowledge to a student. The student’s education greatly depends on the educator’s philosophy of education. This ideological viewpoint appears to be the one true constant that could be a detrimental development influence in the classroom, no matter what curriculum is designed for the student. The students of today possess distinct and different qualities and beliefs that educators are now realizing and learning to adapt to in the classroom. If educators cannot get beyond the boundaries of social class, religion, race, creed, gender, sex, disability or cultural background, then our focus has turned too heavily upon differences and the labeling of students as special needs or underachiever, thus forming harsh pre-expectations toward students in the classroom. In my school environment everyone will be treated on an equal playing field. This atmosphere between student and teacher will enable the education process to direct itself in a positive manner sufficiently reaching the overall goal, which is knowledge through personal achievement and reason enlightenment. As an educator, I realize that my philosophy of education is portrayed not only in my actions within the classroom, but also in my overall character as an individual. I must, therefore, reflect a positive attitude in the classroom focusing on the importance of humanity, multiculturalism and the teaching of the Language Arts. Every student has the individual right to an education and it is my duty to insure that each student has the opportunity to exercise his or her educational rights in my classroom. As an educator, I must be on the cutting edge of new technology and teaching methods, so I may be prepared to offer my students a broad spectrum of learning related to their global env ironment. Learning is an infinite process, which I as an educator must acknowledge and portray in my classroom. I hope to help develop and form camaraderie in my classroom, which will create relationships of honesty and integrity with my students, giving them an inviting avenue of communication with me and with their peers. More importantly, my classroom will offer my student’s a learning sanctuary, which will provide them an environment to expand their knowledge and understand the world and themselves.

Succubus on Top CHAPTER 24

Seth had chided me for being late, but with five daughters, the Mortensens were always running late. So no one, except Seth, really paid much attention to my tardiness. Likewise, with so much chaos, no one really noticed that he and I didn't talk much. The girls spoke more than enough for all of us, and I took some comfort in their presence. As always, they couldn't get enough of me, crawling all over me and tugging at my sleeve to make sure they had my undivided attention. I enjoyed it all in a bittersweet sort of way. Convinced Seth and I were on the verge of a break-up, I mostly kept thinking that this would be the last time I would hang out with this wonderful family. Andrea provided us with an equally distracting birthday/Thanksgiving meal. Terry and Seth had helped her, it turned out, but I still marveled that they had pulled it off while still managing the little ones. I said as much to Andrea. â€Å"Parenthood makes you the ultimate multitasker,† she informed me. â€Å"You'll see what I mean when you have kids.† I smiled back politely, not bothering to tell her there'd be no kids for me. â€Å"Besides,† Terry said with a grin, â€Å"we understand you're already sort of a superwoman. Seth was telling us about some crazy shindig you threw together at the bookstore?† â€Å"Uncle Seth said it was cool,† added Brandy. â€Å"It was a fest,† I corrected, glancing at Seth in surprise. I couldn't figure out at all what his feelings were for me. He'd invited me over and had apparently been singing my praises. None of that jibed with the fallout I expected from the Bastien incident, nor his initial stunned reaction to it. Seth opened presents after dinner, the bulk of which were books and more contributions to his wacky T-shirt collection. â€Å"Where's your present?† Kendall asked me. â€Å"I left it at home.† We all hung out and talked after that, my apprehension mounting as I wondered where this evening would lead. When the party finally disbanded, Seth asked me if I wanted to go somewhere. I took a deep breath. It was now or never. â€Å"Let's go to my place.† Once back there, we stationed ourselves on my couch – at a proper distance – and talked about everything except our relationship. I told him about my new position and got his congratulations. He told me about some interesting fan comments he'd received at the signing. When this had gone on for nearly thirty minutes, I couldn't take it any more. â€Å"Seth, what's going on?† I demanded. â€Å"With us.† He leaned his head back against the couch. â€Å"I wondered when we'd get to this. Can't avoid it any longer, huh?† â€Å"Well, yeah. This is a big deal. This isn't like a dispute over where to go for dinner†¦this is us. Our future. I mean, I†¦you know. You know what I did.† â€Å"I do.† He studied my ceiling for a moment, then turned his amber brown eyes on me. In that moment, I almost understood why he always seemed to be staring somewhere else. When he turned his eyes directly on you, it was a hard and powerful thing. They were electric. â€Å"Aren't I allowed to forgive you?† â€Å"Er†¦no. Well, I don't know.† This conversation echoed the one I'd had with Bastien earlier. He had said the same thing, and after weighing everything, I'd decided it wasn't worth being mad at him. Was it so easy to forgive the ones you loved? â€Å"I won't lie, Thetis, it hurt. It still does. But, in some ways†¦well, it's only one step away from what you normally do.† â€Å"A big step.† He laughed. â€Å"Whose side are you on? Are you trying to turn me against you?† â€Å"I'm just trying to make sure you stand up for yourself.† â€Å"You're always worried about that. Don't worry. I'm not a complete doormat.† â€Å"I didn't mean that. I just†¦I don't know. I'm not very good at this dating thing.† â€Å"I know that. Neither am I. I've done plenty of stupid things in my past relationships. I deserve a few karmic turnabouts. Of course, that doesn't mean I want this to become an ongoing thing, but one mistake†¦one mistake I can forgive. If I haven't had much practice dating, you've got to be even worse after, what, how many years of casual, uh, flings?† â€Å"A lot,† I replied vaguely. For some reason, I was reluctant to tell Seth my age. He picked up on that, his eyes narrowing ruefully. â€Å"And right there. That's another thing. Almost worse than what happened. You're doing it again.† â€Å"Doing what?† â€Å"You don't tell me things. Things about you. It's like you're afraid to show me who you are. But like I said, that's what love is. You open yourself up. I want to know you. I want to know everything about you. Sometimes I feel like no matter how strongly I feel about you†¦I still don't know you at all.† â€Å"I'm not very good at that part either,† I said softly. Seth pulled me into an embrace, crushing me against him. There was a fierceness in that motion, an unflinching sense of possession that stirred my blood. â€Å"You're my world right now, Georgina, but I can't go on with this†¦not if there's no honesty.† His tone was gentle and loving, but I heard the warning between the lines. I'd had my fuckup. The next time, I would not get such amnesty. This terrified me a little, yet I was proud of him and realized I had a lot more to learn about him too. He had every right to be laying down the law. He was not a doormat. I regretted my mistakes, and while I was glad to be forgiven this time, I didn't want Seth to waste his life on me if I couldn't ever treat him right. My young French lover, Etienne, had never recovered. I'd learned years later that he'd broken his engagement, staying forever single. He'd thrown himself into his painting, earning a small following. Several portraits of me – as a blond Josephine – still hung in private European collections. Etienne had not been able to get me out of his system, and it had made a mess of him. I wanted things to work with Seth so badly. I wanted us to be together and be happy for as long as we could manage it. But if we couldn't, I didn't want him to waste his life on me as that young painter had. â€Å"I love you,† I murmured into Seth's shoulder, astonished when the words just slipped out. And I realized then just how much I meant them. He inhaled deeply and held me even tighter, and I felt the love pouring off of him, even with no spoken declaration. â€Å"I'm pretty sure I don't deserve you.† â€Å"Oh, my Thetis, you deserve a lot of things. And honestly† – he shifted around and studied me – â€Å"as much as it hurts†¦I'm sort of glad that you, you know, had that chance with Bastien.† I frowned. â€Å"That chance to be with a copy of you?† â€Å"Well, no. That's still kind of weird. I mean the chance to have sex and, well, enjoy it. Every time I think about what you do on a regular basis†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He closed his eyes a moment. â€Å"I just envision you being raped over and over. And I hate it. It makes me sick. I'm glad you were with someone you cared about†¦even if it wasn't me. You deserve to have good sex for a change.† â€Å"You do too,† I said, overwhelmed by Seth's nonstop selflessness. â€Å"And you know†¦if you ever wanted to find someone and just, well, have sex for the fun of it†¦well, you could. You know, just to fulfill the physical need. I wouldn't mind.† I didn't think I would, at least. I uneasily recalled my slight jealousy over his correspondence with Maddie. He looked at me seriously. â€Å"I don't have sex just to fulfill a need. Not if I can help it. Sex may not be a requisite part of love, but it is an expression of love. It should at least be with someone you care about.† The answer didn't surprise me. In fact, it suddenly reminded me of something. â€Å"Hey, I've got something for you.† Despite our dire romantic status, I had nonetheless chosen twenty of the best pictures Bastien had taken of me and had Hugh print them this week. I hadn't known until now that I'd actually be able to give them to Seth. I found them in my bedroom, bound with a pink ribbon. â€Å"Your birthday present.† I started to hand the pictures over. â€Å"Wait,† he said. He opened up the messenger bag he carried his laptop around in. A moment later, he offered me several sheets of paper. I gave him the pictures. We sat in silence, each of us studying our respective offerings. For half a second, I thought he was sharing a manuscript after all. A few lines into it, I realized it was addressed to me. It was the writing he'd promised me a while back. The detailed exposition of all the things he wished we could do. Reading it, I sort of lost track of the world around me. What he'd written was exquisite. Some of it was like poetry. A beautifully crafted ode to my beauty and my body and my personality that made my heart swell. Other parts were brazenly explicit. Hot and steamy. They made O'Neill and Genevieve's elevator look like a kindergarten classroom. I could feel the blood rushing to my cheeks as I read. When I finished, I looked up at him breathlessly. He was watching me, as the pictures had taken less time to peruse. â€Å"I take it all back,† he told me, holding up one of the shots. It showed me sitting crosswise in a chair, naked. My legs draped over the edge lazily, showing a nice view of my pink painted toenails. A hardbound copy of one of Seth's books sat on my lap. â€Å"Sex might be a requisite part of love after all.† I glanced down at the manifesto. â€Å"Yeah. It just might be.† We sat there a moment, then burst out laughing. He rubbed his eyes. â€Å"Thetis,† he said wearily, â€Å"what are we going to do with ourselves?† â€Å"I don't know. Do the pictures just make things worse?† â€Å"No. They're wonderful. Thank you. They're a good way of having you†¦even if I can't have the real thing.† An idea slowly coalesced in my mind. The pictures just involved looking. Looking was safe. And one didn't just have to look at a two-dimensional image. â€Å"Maybe†¦maybe you can have the real thing.† He gave me a quizzical look, and I hastily amended: â€Å"In a hands-off way. Come on.† â€Å"This seems dangerous,† he said when I led him to the bedroom. Sunset was filling the room with mood lighting. I pointed to a chair in the corner. â€Å"Sit there.† I moved to the opposite corner, hoping it was enough space. â€Å"What are you – Oh.† He bit off his words, swallowing. â€Å"Oh.† I slid my hands slowly up over my hips and breasts, over to the top button of my blouse. Slowly, deliberately, I unfastened the button. Then, just as carefully, I moved down to the next button. And the next. Then I unbound my hair, letting it fall messily over my shoulders. A striptease is all about letting go of self-consciousness. And it's about pacing too, I supposed. Admittedly, doing a show in front of Seth, whom I loved, moved into a realm I felt a little unfamiliar with. Nervous energy twitched inside me, but I didn't show it on the outside. I was on the stage, and I moved through my steps with sultry confidence, watching my own hands sometimes and making eye contact with him at others. This was part of my gift to him. He obviously liked seeing my body, even if, for the moment, he watched like one frozen, eyes wide and face carefully controlled. The blouse eventually fell to the floor, followed by the skirt. I'd had bare legs earlier today but had covertly shape-shifted on thigh-highs while we walked to the bedroom. Left only in those and a cherry-red bra and panty set made of satin, I languidly moved my body in smooth and alluring ways as I played with edges and straps. The stockings came off next, each one rolled down with delicate motions that let my hands slide against my own skin. Left in almost nothing, I savored the shining satin, trailing my fingertips over the bra and panty's surfaces. At last they peeled off too, and I was left in only my skin, left fully exposed and with a surprising heat burning in my lower body. I had turned myself on as much as him. I stood there a moment, like I was taking in applause before an audience, then started to walk across the room. â€Å"No,† he said, voice thick and husky. His fingers dug into the chair's arms. â€Å"You'd better not get too close.† I stopped, laughing softly. â€Å"You don't strike me as the assaulting type, Mortensen.† â€Å"Yeah, well, there's a first time for everything.† â€Å"So you liked?† â€Å"Very much.† His eyes were drinking me in, ravenous and needful. â€Å"That was the best thing I've ever seen.† Pleased, I stretched out my muscles, holding my arms over my head a moment before exhaling and letting my hands fall. As they did, I ran them down over my breasts and thighs in a careless gesture I didn't really even think about. Yet, as I did it, I saw his posture stiffen slightly and that fire in his eyes flare up. A slow, dangerous smile spread over my face. â€Å"What?† he asked. â€Å"I don't think the show's over yet.† I sat back on the bed, then slid myself up so I was propped up against the pillows in full view. Watching him and his every reaction, I moved my hands up to my breasts, feeling them. But these were not the touches that came with a sensual undressing. These were caresses of a different sort. A more urgent sort. I want to see you in the throes of orgasm, Seth had written in his missive. I want to see your whole body writhing, your lips open as you drink in your own pleasure. Only yours, no one else's. Just you, completely given up to ecstasy. I stroked my breasts, cupping them, feeling their softness and curving shape. My fingers moved and stroked my nipples, teasing them further, moving in lazy circles. I ran my thumbs over them, reveling in their sensitivity. When my breasts were finally taut and aching, I let my hands travel down over my smooth and flat stomach, examining and lingering on every part until I reached my thighs. Parting them ever so slightly, I slipped two fingers between the waiting lips so I could stroke that throbbing knot of nerves, moaning without even realizing it. Something about Seth watching aroused me more than I'd expected. I was dripping with wetness, aching and scorching. I slid my fingers over and over that burning, swelling spot, stoking the rapidly growing need. Arching my body, hearing the soft cries escaping from me, all I could think about was Seth's eyes on me. Doing this for him, was in many ways, more genuine than actual sex with Bastien-turned-Seth had been. This was as intimate as he and I could ever be. It wasn't exactly the same as the honest communication we kept talking about, but in a way, I was opening myself to him after all. Exposing myself without inhibition. I kept expecting the succubus energy-need to pick up on this scam, but either the distance or the fact that I was doing this to myself continued to trick it. We'd found a loophole after all. As my fingers continued to rub between my lips, bringing me closer and closer to that crest, I moved my other hand down and thrust a couple of fingers inside of me. This elicited a moan of yearning, and I opened my thighs further, letting Seth get a full view. Faster and harder both sets of fingers worked, touching everything, building and building up that delicious pleasure until I felt like I couldn't take it anymore. Like I was going to burst. And then, I did. Sparks and lightning shot through my body, radiating from my core outward until every part of me tingled with life. I cried out again, loudly, my body writhing against the sheets as spasms racked my muscles. What had started as an ostentatious show had become something more. Doing this for Seth – with Seth – had reawakened something sleeping inside of me. I had lost control; my own body had taken over. When I finally calmed down, I lay back against the covers, my breathing shallow as I recovered myself. I could feel sweat all over me. And with that physical response, an emotional and almost spiritual one radiated through me as well. Like the experience had somehow lit a flame within me. One that hadn't died with the orgasm. One that had nearly gone cold once – long ago – but now shone fiercely. A moment later, I heard Seth stand up. Gingerly, he moved to my side, just barely sitting on the bed. We stared at each other, neither of us speaking, our eyes conveying all we needed to each other. He reached out a hand, like he might stroke my cheek, then pulled back. â€Å"I'm afraid to touch you,† he whispered. â€Å"Yeah. It might†¦might be wise to hold back on that for a little longer. Just in case it kicks in.† â€Å"I take back what I said earlier about the stripping. This was the best thing I've ever seen.† He crooked me a smile. â€Å"No, you're the best thing I've ever seen. Everything about you.† I smiled back. â€Å"We might have found a workaround.† â€Å"For you maybe. As it is, I'm, uh, feeling a little†¦uncomfortable right now. I'm glad you were able to get a release, at least.† I suddenly sat up, energized. â€Å"Well, why can't you?† His smile dropped. â€Å"What? Like in the bathroom?† â€Å"No. Right here.† â€Å"You're joking.† â€Å"No.† I could feel my lips turning into a mischievous smirk. â€Å"Fair is fair. Quid pro quo. I did it for you, now it's your turn.† â€Å"I†¦no. No. I can't do that.† â€Å"Sure you can. There's nothing to it.† â€Å"Yeah, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No buts. You're the one going on about openness and sharing. â€Å" â€Å"Whoa. That's not even the same.† â€Å"It is.† I rolled over so that I was not quite in a pouncing position, but pretty close. I gave him a smoldering look. â€Å"How do you think I was able to do all that? I thought about you. I thought about you being over me while I spread my body for you. I opened up to you. I let you see everything. I wanted you to have that part of me. Nothing held back. And now I want to see the same.† I leaned close, starting to tug his shirt off. â€Å"I want to see you come. I want to see you give in to that desire. I want to see your face when you touch yourself and think about me.† â€Å"And they say I'm good with words.† He closed his eyes for a moment. â€Å"I can't believe you can have this effect on me.† I pulled his Spam shirt over his head. â€Å"I'm waiting.† Seth stared at me, then carefully and hesitantly began taking off his pants. He tossed them on the floor and moved on to his adorable flannel boxers. He paused there, clearly nervous, and then removed them in a quick motion before he could turn back. I looked him over admiringly, seeing him naked for the first time. As my gaze lingered between his legs, I had to work to keep a straight face. Bastien hadn't done him justice. â€Å"This is going to be hard,† he observed. â€Å"It already looks hard to me.† â€Å"Stop making jokes.† â€Å"Sorry. Just relax, that's the key.† I sat back away from him, putting some distance between us once again. â€Å"Drop the self-consciousness. Just give in to how you feel.† He nodded and took a deep breath. â€Å"Thanks, coach. Can you move over to your side – yeah. There. And then, the hand†¦yes, put it right there. Perfect.† He shook his head, an almost comic look of misery and eagerness on his face as his hand slowly moved down. â€Å"I need a good view of you to pull this off, I think, so I can keep my eyes off me. If I pay too much attention to what I'm doing, the absurdity will hit. â€Å" â€Å"Well then,† I said, getting comfortable. â€Å"Don't look down.†

Different Financial Investment Terms Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1218 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? In financial term investment is a mean to purchase financial products. or other products for future return. In other words investments mean utilization of money for generating more money in business. The acquisition of physical inventory in the Expectation for further expansion of business .However, risk element for the loss of principal amount cannot be ignored. Making investment decision in mutual fund, Govt Bonds, real estate necessary knowledge/information of various venues of investment should be knowned.The best investment may be selected on the basis of reasonable rate of return and prospects of capital growth with low level of risk. While making decision to minimize risk, investment may be in different sectors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Different Financial Investment Terms Finance Essay" essay for you Create order If investors want to invest or purchase company investments then he must get information regarding different company performance, by studying company Balance sheet, income statement. By studying these all information about the company investor will know about companys financial position. By investing in Strong position company then investors will get high return. Money Investment: It requires nature of finance available and goals set. The decision may be based on high rate of return with growth prospects and low risk. VENUES OF INVESTMENT: There are various venues of investors for investment of their savings. It may be invested in mutual fund, stocks,bonds,real estate, gold and commodities . MUTUAL FUNDS: A m mutual fund is a pool of money where investors deposit their saving and get the advantage of experienced management, diversified portfolio and convenient processing. The fund is managed by Professional Managers who invest the fund in a wide selection of shares and /or securities, like Term Finance Certificates, Modarbah investment, and other non interest bearing securities. The assets created through the investors contribution to the pool are divided in to units, the value of which reflects the performance of the investment portfolio. At the end of financial year the income of the fund is distributed among all unit holders. THE BENIT OF POOLES RESOURCES IT is a fact that over the long term, the return on investment through equity investment its far higher than any other form of investment whether Fixed Income, foreign Currency, or Real estate. The risk associated with mutual fund is less than the risk involved in direct investment in stock market. Investors enjoy the benefit of diversified portfolio of investment. TYPES OF MUTUAL FUNDS: OPEN -ENDED: A) Size of capital: No limitation over the investment amount. B) Unit Price: Its unit based on NET ASSET VALUE C) Can be purchases: It can purchases from authorized distribution Channel/both D) Redemption responds possibility: Management is legally responsible to repurchase its issued units. E) Listing at the Stock Exchange: It may be listed or not, no legal restriction Stock exchange. CLOSE ENDED: SIZE OF CAPITAL: Usually the investment amount is FIXED B) UNIT PRICE: It is unit price is based on MARKET VALUE CAN BE PURCHASE: It can be purchases from stock market. Redemption respond possibility: BONDS: A bond is a debt security in which an issuer owes the bond holder a debt and is supposed to repay the principle and the interest at a later date. Bonds are loan which may be long term or short term depending upon its maturity .Bonds is issued by companies and government when needs money for its operation. Companies and government issued bond when they need money for their day to day operations. And company / issuer will pay interest to band holder/lender in future. These are low risk instrument. LONG TERM : It may be for over year. Its principal and interest is paid at a certain interval. SHORT TERM: These loan is extended for a year and principle and interest is paid in year. TYPES OF BONDS: Treasury bonds Treasury bills Municipal Bond. Corporate Bond. Secure Bond. Unsecured Bond. TREASURY BONDS: These bonds aye issued by Federal GOVt to fianc the budget deficient. these bonds are long term. these bonds maturity level is more than 10 yrs. TREASURY BILLS: These bonds are also issued by Federal Govt to fianc the budget deficient.Thier maturity level is up to ten years. MUNCIPAL BONDS: These are issued by Local govt or state. The investors like these bonds because these are free Tax interest bonds. CORPORATE BOND: These bonds are similar to Treasury bonds and Treasury Notes but Corporate bonds are issued by corporate. In Corporate bonds the interest rate is high and risk is also high. And Return is also high. Secure bond. These bonds are backed by real assets. In this bond the investors may guarantee or mortgage to investors. If the issuers are failing to pay, the investors may take the control over the mortgage. A mortgage-backed bond is a example of secure bond. If the issuers are fail to pay then investor sold the collateral to recover all value of bond. These bonds are low risk and secure bond. These are on 1st priority. If issuer fail to pay the return.. UNSECURE BOND: These bond which is not backed by any collateral. These bonds are having high risk and high return. In the unsecured bond investors loans money without collateral. For This unsecured bonds carries high risk for investors, which in turn makes loan more expensive. the more additional risk that investors must take on, the higher the rate of return a borrowers must pay. STOCK STOCK is that kind of security which is issued in the form of shares which represent ownership interests in a company. There are two types of stock: 1.Preferred stock 2. common stock. PREFERRED STOCK: Stock holders do not have power for voting for choosing directors. They are the real owners of business. 1ST priority in the case of dividend. In case of Liquidation 1st payment made to them. Dividends rate is fixed. In case of loss of company then profit is 1st given to preferred stock COMMON STOCK: They have power for voting for broad of directors. They are the real owners of business. 2nd priority in the case of dividend distribution. 2nd priority to common stock. Dividend rate is not fixed. If company liquidifies then 1st priority to secure bond 2nd priority to unsecured bond. 3rd priority to Preferred stock. 4th priority is to Common stock. Shares Share is a unit account for different financial instrument like Stocks. Mutual fund. Limited partnership. REITs Share is a document issued by company or it can be purchased from the stock market. For the purchase of share u will get the portion of the companys and by selling the share you will get capital gain. From share one can get dividend+ capital gain. On the other hand there is also risk factor of capital loss if you sold the share at a price below your buying price. The share transaction is carried out through licenses members call brokers. Brokers are the listed members of stock exchange. They are working on the behalf of company or share holders. Through these brokers trading of shares take place. Investing in gold, silver Gold is another way of investment. These investing is done through ownership or by means of shares and certificate. From investing in gold we will get high return. Gold investment is less risky than stock market. Investment is silver are similar to those in gold.